The DOI matches its Crossref record; 112 of the 112 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung
Abstract
Four separate metaanalyses of factor analyses were conducted for the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). The total number of participants (N) and studies (k) included in each of the metaanalyses were the following: BDI (N = 13,643, k = 33), CES-D (N = 22,340, k = 28), HRSD (N = 2,606, k = 17), and SDS (N = 12,621, k = 13). Metaanalysis results suggest that the specific depression symptom factors within each test appear to be relatively robust and well established and match fairly closely previously hypothesized factor structures. A general Depression Severity factor and a small Somatic Symptoms factor are found in all four tests and two tests had a small Positive Affect factor. There were fewer common specific depression symptom factors across tests than expected.
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“9% according to the more conservative BDI-13 (Shafer, 2006)”
From Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up (2021) · cites this paper as Shafer, 2006
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“BDI-21 is a widely-utilised tool with strong psychometric properties (Shafer, 2006), covering both cognitive ( e.g. “I do not feel sad.”
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高宮, 明., Ryo, U. E. D. A., Kamiya, K., 田島, 美., Kyuragi, Y., Suwa, T., Noda, T., Kodaka, F., Murai, T., Nakagome, K., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20251330 · Cited by 2
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Age Discrimination in the Labour Market, Depression and Coping Strategies
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shafer, A. B.
- Corresponding author
- Shafer, Alan B.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-146
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W2170701421
- Cited by
- 837
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- factor structure, Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, depression severity, somatic symptoms, positive affect
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires
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