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Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung

Shafer, Alan B.·2006·Journal of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1002/jclp.20213

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Abstract

Four separate metaanalyses of factor analyses were conducted for the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). The total number of participants (N) and studies (k) included in each of the metaanalyses were the following: BDI (N = 13,643, k = 33), CES-D (N = 22,340, k = 28), HRSD (N = 2,606, k = 17), and SDS (N = 12,621, k = 13). Metaanalysis results suggest that the specific depression symptom factors within each test appear to be relatively robust and well established and match fairly closely previously hypothesized factor structures. A general Depression Severity factor and a small Somatic Symptoms factor are found in all four tests and two tests had a small Positive Affect factor. There were fewer common specific depression symptom factors across tests than expected.

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See all 837

Authors: Shafer, A. B.
Corresponding author: Shafer, Alan B.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005
Volume: 62
Issue: 1
Pages: 123-146
ISSN: 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
1097-4679
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20213
OpenAlex: W2170701421
Cited by: 837
References: 111
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 2.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 3895 d)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: factor structure, Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, depression severity, somatic symptoms, positive affect
MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires

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Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung

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