Fine structural studies of the nervous system and the apical organ in the planula larva of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima
Abstract
The nervous system of the planula larva of Anthopleura elegantissima consists of an apical organ, one type of endodermal receptor cell, two types of ectodermal receptor cells, central neurons and nerve plexus. Both interneural and neuromuscular synapses are found in the nerve plexus. The apical organ is a collection of about 100 long, columnar cells each bearing a long cilium and a collar of about 10 microvilli. The cilia of the apical organ are twisted together to form an apical tuft. The ciliary rootlets of the apical organ cells are extremely long, reaching to the basal processes of the cells adjacent to the mesoglea. All three types of sensory cells are tall and slender in profile and are identified by the presence of one or more of the following features: microtubules, small vesicles, membrane‐bound granules and synapses. The interneurons are bipolar cells with somas restricted to the aboral end, adjacent to the apical organ. All synapses observed are polarized or asymmetrical. A diagram including all the elements of the nervous system is presented and the possible functions of the nervous system are discussed in relation to larval behavior.
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An apical collar of microvilli surrounding a single cilium identifies ciliary-cone cells as ectochoanocyte descendants.
“An apical collar of microvilli surrounds a single cilium [49,153], identifying these cells as ectochoanocyte descendants (see above).”
From Gastric pouches and the mucociliary sole: setting the stage for nervous system evolution (2015) · cites this paper as [153]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Chia, F., & Koss, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Morphology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1979-06
- Volume
- 160
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 275-297
- ISSN
- 0362-2525 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2097696251
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Morphology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Council Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- Anthopleura elegantissima, planula larvae, sea anemone, nervous system, apical organ, nerve plexus, interneurons, neuromuscular synapse, ciliary rootlets, larval behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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