Cited by 961Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Clarifying conditions and decision points for mediational type inferences in Organizational Behavior

Mathieu, John E., Taylor, Scott R.·2006·Journal of Organizational Behavior

DOI 10.1002/job.406

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Abstract

Although mediational designs and analyses are quite popular in Organizational Behavior research, there is much confusion surrounding the basis of causal inferences. We review theoretical, research design, and construct validity issues that are important for drawing inferences from mediational analyses. We then distinguish between indirect effects, and partial and full mediational hypotheses and outline decision points for drawing inferences of each type. An empirical illustration is provided using structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques, and we discuss extensions and directions for future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“Nevertheless, theory-grounded longitudinal field studies that assess variables over time in proper sequence and intervals enhance confidence in (reciprocal) causal relationships (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
Background
Psychological Ownership: How Having Control Matters
Liu, J., Wang, H., Hui, C., & Lee, C. (2011) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01028.x · Cited by 220
Using strategic performance measurement systems for strategy formulation: Does it work in dynamic environments?
Bisbe, J., & Malagueño, R. (2012) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2012.05.002 · Cited by 236
“05 for ROA), the results support a pattern of partial mediation (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
ResultInfluential
The value of job crafting for work engagement, task performance, and career satisfaction: longitudinal and quasi-experimental evidence
Dubbelt, L., Demerouti, E., & Rispens, S. (2019) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1576632 · Cited by 218
“An indirect effect is there, when the independent variable predicts the mediator, the mediator predicts the dependent variable (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006), and the Sobel test is significant (Preacher & Leonardelli, 2003).”
Background
Boards of directors in family firms: a generational perspective
Bammens, Y. P. M., Voordeckers, W., & Gils, A. E. J. V. (2007) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-007-9087-5 · Cited by 217
“Since the regression coefficient in this model is not significant, our tests suggest a direct effect of the generational phase on the number of family directors on the board (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
Relationship between knowledge management processes and performance: critical role of knowledge utilization in organizations
Zaim, H., Muhammed, S., & Tarım, M. (2018) · Knowledge Management Research & Practice · doi:10.1080/14778238.2018.1538669 · Cited by 265
“However, to establish full mediation it is important to first establish a significant path from the predictor variable to the outcome variable in the absence of the mediating variable (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Workplace Spirituality and Employee Well-being: An Empirical Exploration
Garg, N. (2017) · Journal of Human Values · doi:10.1177/0971685816689741 · Cited by 227
“The findings are similar to those of Rastgar, Davoudi, Oraji & Abbasian (2012), Milliman et al. (2003), Robert et al. (2006), Usman and Danush (2010), Hall et al.”
BackgroundResult
The effects of empowering leadership on psychological well-being and job engagement
Park, J. G., Kim, J. S., Yoon, S. W., & Joo, B.-K. B. (2017) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-08-2015-0182 · Cited by 254
Another look at safety climate and safety behavior: Deepening the cognitive and social mediator mechanisms
Fugas, C. S., da Silva, S. A., & Meliá, J. L. (2011) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.08.013 · Cited by 211
Intrinsic Motivation, Job Autonomy and Turnover Intention in the Italian Healthcare: The mediating role of Affective Commitment
Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., & Battistelli, A. (2011) · Journal of Management Research · doi:10.5296/jmr.v3i2.619 · Cited by 211
Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: a cross‐sectional study
Kaur, D., Sambasivan, M., & Kumar, N. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.12386 · Cited by 213
MEDIATION ANALYSIS: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Memon, M. A., Cheah, J.-H., Ramayah, T., Ting, H., & Chuah, F. (2018) · Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling · doi:10.47263/jasem.2(1)01 · Cited by 305
Student engagement and performance: A weekly diary study on the role of openness
Bakker, A. B., Sanz‐Vergel, A. I., & Kuntze, J. (2014) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9422-5 · Cited by 252
“Nevertheless, as suggested by Mathieu and Taylor (2006), mediating effects can be also examined when the predictor and the dependent variable are not directly related.”
The importance of transformational leadership style for the well‐being of employees working with older people
Nielsen, K. M., Yarker, J., Brenner, S., Randall, R., & Borg, V. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04701.x · Cited by 213
“This makes it ideal for testing mediating mechanisms ( Mathieu & Taylor 2006 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Intrinsic motivation as a moderator on the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance
Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2010) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594321003590630 · Cited by 205
“Still, the significant drops in standardized betas after the inclusion of intrinsic motivation suggest an indirect relationship (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006 ).”
A Social‐Cognitive Model of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Risk Perception and Recommended Behaviors in Italy
Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L., & Zani, B. (2010) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01529.x · Cited by 204
“According to Mathieu and Taylor(41) there is a significant full mediation effect when the addition of the direct paths in the no direct effects model does T ab le I. Su m m ar y of In te rc or re la ti on s, M ea ns ,a nd St an da rd D ev ia ti on s fo r D em og ra ph ic ,C og ni ti ve ,S oc ia lC on te xt ua l, A ff…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Impact of Change Process and Context on Change Reactions and Turnover During a Merger
Rafferty, A. E., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2009) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309341480 · Cited by 224
“We contrast models that distinguish between indirect and mediated relationships (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
Linking calling to work engagement and subjective career success: The perspective of career construction theory
Xie, B., Xia, M., Xin, X., & Zhou, W. (2016) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.011 · Cited by 199
Blame it on the supervisor or the subordinate? Reciprocal relations between abusive supervision and organizational deviance.
Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., Morrison, R. L., & Brown, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035498 · Cited by 206
Gaining and leveraging customer-based competitive intelligence: the pivotal role of social capital and salesperson adaptive selling skills
Hughes, D. E., Bon, J. L., & Rapp, A. A. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-012-0311-8 · Cited by 197
“Tests of validity In accordance with procedures suggested by Mathieu and Taylor (2006) and others, we engaged in a series of model tests to investigate our hypothetical framework and determine the overall best-fitting model.”
Method
Effects of internal service quality on nurses’ job satisfaction, commitment and performance: Mediating role of employee well‐being
Abdullah, M. I., Huang, D., Sarfraz, M., Ivaşcu, L., & Riaz, A. (2020) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.665 · Cited by 190
“Interactive effects could diminish the overall independent and dependent variable (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
Background
Engaged at Work and Happy at Home: A Spillover–Crossover Model
Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., Sanz‐Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9421-3 · Cited by 221
“…of the mediator (actor’s daily happiness), the previously significant relationship between daily actor’s work engagement (vigor and dedication) and daily partner’s happiness turns into non-significance (full mediation) or becomes significantly weaker (partial mediation; Mathieu and Taylor 2006).”
Background
Exploring the relative and combined influence of mastery‐approach goals and work intrinsic motivation on employee turnover intention
Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2010) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483481011064172 · Cited by 219
“Finally, previous studies have suggested that employees participating in training efforts on a voluntary basis may apply more positive attitudes towards their employer than those not choosing to participate on a voluntary basis (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
Background
Flow and performance: A study among talented Dutch soccer players
Bakker, A. B., Oerlemans, W. G. M., Demerouti, E., Slot, B. B., & Ali, D. K. (2011) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.02.003 · Cited by 206
“To test indirect effects one has to follow the same procedure as for testing mediation save one exception: the direct effect of the predictor on the outcome does not need to be significant (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
Method
Abusive supervision and subordinate supervisor‐directed deviance: The moderating role of traditional values and the mediating role of revenge cognitions
Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Wu, L., & Wu, W. (2010) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317909x485216 · Cited by 185
A diary study on the happy worker: How job resources relate to positive emotions and personal resources
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2011.584386 · Cited by 212
“This is in line with Mathieu and Taylor (2006), who suggest T A B L E 2 M u lt il e v e l e st im a te s o f m o d e ls p re d ic ti n g d a y -l e v e l p o si ti v e e m o ti o n s M o d el N u ll 1 2 V a ri a b le s E st im a te S E t E st im a te S E t E st im a te S E t In te rc ep t 4 .3 9…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An Integrative HRM Process Theorization: Beyond Signalling Effects and Mutual Gains
Ehrnrooth, M., & Björkman, I. (2012) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01055.x · Cited by 188
“Fourth, with reference to the procedures for mediation tests (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006), PLS allowed us to parsimoniously test step 1, the relationship between our independent, and all three dependent variables, in one single model (Figure 2).”
BackgroundMethod
An Approach–Avoidance Framework of Workplace Aggression
Ferris, D. L., Yan, M. N., Lim, V. K. G., Chen, Y., & Fatimah, S. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0221 · Cited by 174
“Following Mathieu and Taylor (2006), we first modeled a more parsimonious full mediation model where ostracism and abusive supervision only related to anger and anxiety, while anger and anxiety related to approach-oriented and avoidance-oriented CWBs. Subsequently, we tested for partial mediation…”
Method
Driving it Home: How Workplace Emotional Labor Harms Employee Home Life
Wagner, D. T., Barnes, C. M., & Scott, B. A. (2014) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12044 · Cited by 224
“Although we did not find evidence for mediation, a special type of indirect effect, we did uncover a significant indirect effect (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
Background

Authors: Mathieu, J. E., & Taylor, S. R.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
Corresponding author: Mathieu, John E.
ORCID: Mathieu, John E.
Taylor, Scott R.
Venue: Journal of Organizational Behavior
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-09-07
Volume: 27
Issue: 8
Pages: 1031-1056
ISSN: 0894-3796 (ISSN-L)
1099-1379
DOI: 10.1002/job.406
OpenAlex: W2127597797
Cited by: 961
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 63
FWCI: 19.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Organizational Behavior (publishedVersion)
Funders: Old Dominion University
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: mediation analysis, causal inference, indirect effects, partial mediation, construct validity, research design, structural equation modeling, organizational behavior

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Clarifying conditions and decision points for mediational type inferences in Organizational Behavior

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