RIP3 expression induces a death profile change in U2OS osteosarcoma cells after 5-ALA-PDT: RIP3 IN PDT-INDUCED CELL DEATH
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) has recently been outlined as a key necrosis mediator but is also thought to participate in the regulation of apoptosis. The aim of this study is to compare the cell death profile induced by 5-aminolevulic acid (5-ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the RIP3-deficient cell line U2OS and in U2OS cells in which the expression of RIP3 was restored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RIP3-expressing U2OS cells (RIP3-U2OS) were obtained after transfection and antibiotic selection. Wild type and RIP3-U2OS cells were treated by 5-ALA-PDT. Overall cell viability was evaluated and different parameters characteristic of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis were studied. RESULTS: Surprisingly, the survival of RIP3-U2OS cells was higher compared to that of the wild type cells. In addition, RIP3-U2OS cell death was decreased by a zVAD-fmk pre-treatment. A higher cleavage of caspase-3, 7, 8, 9, and PARP was also detected in these cells, pointing out to the activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis. In parallel, a thrust of autophagy was clearly identified in the RIP3-U2OS cells. Conversely, RIP3-U2OS exhibited a lower level of necrosis than the wild types. Interestingly, necrostatin-1 efficiently decreased necrosis level in RIP3-U2OS but not in wild type cells. CONCLUSION: Expression of RIP3 in U2OS cells led to a better survival but also to a death profile change in response to PDT. The apoptotic and autophagic pathways were clearly up-regulated compared to the RIP3-deficient wild type cells. However, induction of necrosis was weaker in the RIP3-U2OS cells. In this context, autophagy is likely to play a protective role against PDT-induced cell death and to allow a better survival of RIP3-U2OS cells. This work also highlights the important role played by RIP3 in the apoptotic pathway, although the modalities are still widely unknown.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Reintroducing RIP3 significantly decreased necrosis and increased apoptosis in U2OS cells, suggesting RIP3 is more involved in promoting apoptotic cell death.
“Surprisingly, reintroducing RIP3 significantly decreased necrosis and increased apoptosis, suggesting that RIP3 is more involved in promoting apoptotic cell death.”
From 5-Aminolevulinic Acid as a Theranostic Agent for Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
ALA-PDT induces both apoptosis and necrosis in the human osteosarcoma U2OS cell line that lacks RIP3.
“In another study from the same group, ALA-PDT was found to induce both apoptosis and necrosis in the human osteosarcoma U2OS cell line that lacks RIP3 [36].”
From 5-Aminolevulinic Acid as a Theranostic Agent for Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Cites
Photodynamic therapy for cancer
Dolmans, D. E. J. G. J., Fukumura, D., & Jain, R. K. (2003) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1071 · Cited by 6,773 · see citing works
Dougherty, T. J., Gomer, C. J., Henderson, B. W., Jori, G., Kessel, D., Korbelik, M., Moan, J., & Peng, Q. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.12.889 · Cited by 4,716 · see citing works
Gomer, C. J. (1988) · Cited by 4,169 · see citing works
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
Klionsky, D., & Emr, S. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717 · Cited by 3,794 · see citing works
Nuclear factor-κB in cancer development and progression
Karin, M. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04870 · Cited by 3,519 · see citing works
Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury
Degterev, A., Huang, Z., Boyce, M., Li, Y., Jagtap, P., Mizushima, N., Cuny, G. D., Mitchison, T. J., Moskowitz, M. A., & Yuan, J. (2005) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio711 · Cited by 3,068 · see citing works
NF-κB at the crossroads of life and death
Karin, M., & Lin, A. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni0302-221 · Cited by 2,709 · see citing works
NF-κB in cancer: from innocent bystander to major culprit
Karin, M., Cao, Y., Greten, F. R., & Li, Z. (2002) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc780 · Cited by 2,476 · see citing works
Cho, Y., Challa, S., Moquin, D., Genga, R., Ray, T. D., Guildford, M., & Chan, F. K.-M. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.037 · Cited by 2,435 · see citing works
Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase-3 Determines Cellular Necrotic Response to TNF-α
He, S., Wang, L., Miao, L., Wang, T., Du, F., Zhao, L., & Wang, X. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.021 · Cited by 2,214 · see citing works
RIP3, an Energy Metabolism Regulator That Switches TNF-Induced Cell Death from Apoptosis to Necrosis
Zhang, D.-W., Shao, J., Lin, J., Zhang, N., Lu, B.-J., Lin, S.-C., Dong, M.-Q., & Han, J. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1172308 · Cited by 1,931 · see citing works
Catalytic activity of the caspase-8–FLIPL complex inhibits RIPK3-dependent necrosis
Oberst, A., Dillon, C. P., Weinlich, R., McCormick, L. L., Fitzgerald, P., Pop, C., Hakem, R., Salvesen, G. S., & Green, D. R. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09852 · Cited by 1,278 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently, RIP3 was proven to be a key necrotic cell death effector in vitro [6–8] and in vivo [6,7,9,10].”
BackgroundAutophagy and signaling: their role in cell survival and cell death
Codogno, P., & Meijer, A. J. (2005) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401751 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
RIP3 mediates the embryonic lethality of caspase-8-deficient mice
Kaiser, W. J., Upton, J. W., Long, A. B., Livingston-Rosanoff, D., Daley-Bauer, L. P., Hakem, R., Caspary, T., & Mocarski, E. S. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09857 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Autophagy: dual roles in life and death?
Baehrecke, E. H. (2005) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1666 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Necroptosis as an alternative form of programmed cell death
Christofferson, D. E., & Yuan, J. (2010) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.12.003 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Based Photodynamic Therapy: Principles and Experimental Research
Peng, Q., Berg, K., Moan, J., Kongshaug, M., & Nesland, J. M. (1997) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08549.x · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Blocked Autophagy Sensitizes Resistant Carcinoma Cells to Radiation Therapy
Apel, A., Herr, I., Schwarz, H., Rodemann, H. P., & Mayer, A. (2008) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0562 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
The Role of the Kinases RIP1 and RIP3 in TNF-Induced Necrosis
Vandenabeele, P., Declercq, W., Van Herreweghe, F., & Vanden Berghe, T. (2010) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.3115re4 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Cleavage of RIP3 inactivates its caspase-independent apoptosis pathway by removal of kinase domain
Feng, S., Yang, Y., Mei, Y., Ma, L., Zhu, D.-E., Höti, N., Castanares, M. A., & Wu, M. (2007) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.05.016 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
The RIP kinases: crucial integrators of cellular stress
Meylan, E., & Tschopp, J. (2005) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.01.003 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Sun, X., Yin, J., Starovasnik, M. A., Fairbrother, W. J., & Dixit, V. M. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109488200 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
DAI/ZBP1 recruits RIP1 and RIP3 through RIP homotypic interaction motifs to activate NF‐κB
Rebsamen, M., Heinz, L. X., Meylan, E., Michallet, M., Schroder, K., Hofmann, K., Vázquez, J., Benedict, C. A., & Tschopp, J. (2009) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2009.109 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Azad, M. B., Chen, Y., Henson, E. S., Cizeau, J., McMillan‐Ward, E., Israels, S. J., & Gibson, S. B. (2008) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.5278 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
RIP3, a Novel Apoptosis-inducing Kinase
Sun, X., Lee, J., Navas, T. A., Baldwin, D. T., Stewart, T. A., & Dixit, V. M. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.24.16871 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase family
Zhang, D., Lin, J., & Han, J. (2010) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/cmi.2010.10 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Ohgari, Y., Nakayasu, Y., Kitajima, S., Sawamoto, M., Mori, H., Shimokawa, O., Matsui, H., & Taketani, S. (2005) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.019 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Autophagy plays a protective role during zVAD-induced necrotic cell death
Wu, Y., Tan, H., Huang, Q., Kim, Y.-S., Pan, N., Ong, W., Liu, Z.-G., Ong, C. N., & Shen, H. (2008) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.5662 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The molecular regulation of programmed necrotic cell injury
Moquin, D., & Chan, F. K.-M. (2010) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.03.001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Identification of RIP3, a RIP-like kinase that activates apoptosis and NFκB
Yu, P., Huang, B. C. B., Shen, M., Quast, J., Chan, E., Xu, X. M., Nolan, G. P., Payan, D. G., & Luo, Y. (1999) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80239-5 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The use of 5-aminolaevulinic acid as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis
Kelty, C., Brown, N. J., Reed, M., & Ackroyd, R. (2002) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b201027p · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Kasof, G. M., Prosser, J. C., Liu, D., Lorenzi, M. V., & Gomes, B. C. (2000) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01473-3 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Coupienne, I., Bontems, S., Dewaele, M., Rubio, N., Habraken, Y., Fulda, S., Agostinis, P., & Piette, J. (2011) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2010.12.015 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationAtg7 deficiency increases resistance of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to photodynamic therapy
Xue, L., Chiu, S., & Oleinick, N. L. (2010) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.6.2.11077 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Pazdernik, N., Donner, D., Goebl, M., & Harrington, M. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.10.6500 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Receptor-interacting Protein 3 (RIP3)
Yang, Y., Ma, J., Chen, Y., & Wu, M. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m401663200 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Li, M., Feng, S., & Wu, M. (2008) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.144 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Feng, S., Ma, L., Yang, Y., & Wu, M. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.118 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
CaMKII is a RIP3 substrate mediating ischemia- and oxidative stress–induced myocardial necroptosis
Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Cui, M., Jin, L., Wang, Y., Lv, F., Liu, Y., Zheng, W., Shang, H., Zhang, J., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4017 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Many stimuli pull the necrotic trigger, an overview
Vanlangenakker, N., Berghe, T. V., & Vandenabeele, P. (2011) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2011.164 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Absence of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 prevents ethanol-induced liver injury
Roychowdhury, S., McMullen, M. R., Pisano, S. G., Liu, X., & Nagy, L. E. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26200 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
RIPK3 Orchestrates Fatty Acid Metabolism in Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Hepatocarcinogenesis
Wu, L., Zhang, X., Zheng, L., Zhao, H., Yan, G., Zhang, Q., Zhou, Y. J., Lei, J., Zhang, J., Wang, J., et al. (2020) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0261 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in osteosarcoma (Review)
He, H., Ni, J., & Huang, J. X. (2014) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2014.1935 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Feng, X., SONG, Q., Yu, A., Tang, H. Y., Peng, Z., & WANG, X. (2015) · Neoplasma · doi:10.4149/neo_2015_071 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Killing a cancer: what are the alternatives?
Kreuzaler, P. A., & Watson, C. J. (2012) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3264 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Resistance to Conventional Therapies for Osteosarcoma
Marchandet, L., Lallier, M., Charrier, C., Baud’huin, M., Ory, B., & Lamoureux, F. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13040683 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Colbert, L. E., Fisher, S. B., Hardy, C. W., Hall, W. A., Saka, B., Shelton, J. W., Petrova, A. V., Warren, M. D., Pantazides, B. G., Gandhi, K., et al. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28144 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Cell apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis in osteosarcoma treatment
Li, J., Yang, Z., Li, Y., Xia, J., Li, D., Li, H., Ren, M., Liao, Y., Yu, S., Chen, Y., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.8206 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Progress of Phototherapy Applications in the Treatment of Bone Cancer
Sun, J., Xing, F., Braun, J., Traub, F., Rommens, P. M., Xiang, Z., & Ritz, U. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111354 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Soriano, J., Mora-Espí, I., Alea-Reyes, M. E., Pérez‐García, L., Barrios, L., Ibáñez, E., & Nogués, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41340 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ertao, Z., Jianhui, C., Wang, K., Ye, Z., Wu, H., Chuangqi, C., Changjiang, Q., Sile, C., Yulong, H., & Shirong, C. (2016) · Tumor Biology · doi:10.1007/s13277-016-5229-1 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Chen, X., Guo, Y., Jia, H., Jiang, Y., & Wu, F. (2019) · Nanoscale Horizons · doi:10.1039/c9nh00643e · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cell Death Pathways and Phthalocyanine as an Efficient Agent for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy
Mfouo-Tynga, I. S., & Abrahamse, H. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms160510228 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Autophagy Contributes to the Death/Survival Balance in Cancer PhotoDynamic Therapy
Inguscio, V., Panzarini, E., & Dini, L. (2012) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells1030464 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lenna, S., Bellotti, C., Duchi, S., Martella, E., Columbaro, M., Dozza, B., Ballestri, M., Guerrini, A., Sotgiu, G., Frisoni, T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-020-01548-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Yu, W., Zhu, J., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Fang, W., Xia, K., Shao, J., Wu, M.-Z., Liu, B., Liang, C., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16243 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Martella, E., Ferroni, C., Guerrini, A., Ballestri, M., Columbaro, M., Santi, S., Sotgiu, G., Serra, M., Donati, D. M., Lucarelli, E., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113670 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hiporfin‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in Preclinical Treatment of Osteosarcoma
Sun, M., Zhou, C., Zeng, H., Puebla‐Osorio, N., Damiani, E., Chen, J., Wang, H., Li, G., Yin, F., Shan, L., et al. (2015) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12424 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zhu, J., Zou, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Sun, Y., Dong, X., & Zhang, Q. (2019) · Materials Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/c9qm00044e · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Li, R., Zhao, X., Zhang, S., Dong, W., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Yang, H. M., Huang, Y., Xie, Z., et al. (2021) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-03865-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Szczerba, M., Johnson, B. P., Acciai, F., Gogerty, C., McCaughan, M., Williams, J., Kibler, K. V., & Jacobs, B. L. (2023) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.abq0837 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Tian, W., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Li, J., & Gao, J. (2018) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.093 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Santiago‐O’Farrill, J. M., & Gordon, N. B. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
5-Aminolevulinic Acid as a Theranostic Agent for Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy
Howley, R., Chandratre, S., & Chen, B. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10040496 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Harberts, E. M., Heitmiller, K., & Gaspari, A. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29785-9_13 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Regulated Necrosis in HeLa Cells Induced by ZnPc Photodynamic Treatment: A New Nuclear Morphology
Soriano, J., Villanueva, Á., STOCKERT, J. C., & Cañete, M. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms151222772 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
RIP3 antagonizes a TSC2-mediated pro-survival pathway in glioblastoma cell death
Fettweis, G., Di Valentin, E., L'homme, L., Lassence, C., Dequiedt, F., Fillet, M., Coupienne, I., & Piette, J. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, J., Fu, Q., Jiang, H., Li, Y., & Liu, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1022973 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
White, B., Rossi, V. M., & Baugher, P. J. (2016) · Photomedicine and Laser Surgery · doi:10.1089/pho.2016.4091 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
MLKL is a potential prognostic marker in gastric cancer
Sun, W., Yu, W., Shen, L., & Huang, T.-A. (2019) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2019.10687 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wen, P., Xie, W., Zhong, D., Li, Z., & Li, Y. (2025) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202502565 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Seldon, C. S., Colbert, L. E., Hall, W. A., Fisher, S. B., Yu, D. S., & Landry, J. C. (2016) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.4251/wjgo.v8.i4.358 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ye, J., Chang, T., Zhang, X., Wei, D., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110931 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
RIPK3 modulates sarcoma through immune checkpoint HAVCR2
Chen, Q., Wu, D., & Du, J. (2022) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2022.13501 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Potential Role of Necroptosis in Diseases
Linkermann, A., Berghe, T. V., Takahashi, N., Kunzendorf, U., Krautwald, S., & Vandenabeele, P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8220-8_1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mechanismen der Zelltodregulation
Metzig, M. O., Gdynia, G., & Roth, W. (2012) · Der Pathologe · doi:10.1007/s00292-012-1678-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechanismen der Zelltodregulation. Neue Erkenntnisse und Bedeutung für die Tumorpathologie.
Metzig, M. O., Gdynia, G., & Roth, W. (2012) · Der Pathologe
- Authors
- Coupienne, I., Fettweis, G., & Piette, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Piette, Jacques
- Venue
- Lasers in Surgery and Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-08-23
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 557-564
- ISSN
- 0196-8092 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1512707161
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Lasers in Surgery and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- FNRS
- Inter-University Attraction Poles (IAP6/18)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Keywords
- RIPK3, 5-aminolevulinic acid, photodynamic therapy, osteosarcoma, U2OS cells, necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, caspase activation, necrostatin-1
- MeSH terms
- Aminolevulinic Acid, Autophagy, Bone Neoplasms, Cell Survival, Humans, Necrosis, Photochemotherapy, Osteosarcoma, Blotting, Western, Apoptosis, Photosensitizing Agents, Cell Line, Tumor, Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
