Phosphorylation-Driven Assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 Complex Regulates Programmed Necrosis and Virus-Induced Inflammation
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Programmed necrosis is a form of caspase-independent cell death whose molecular regulation is poorly understood. The kinase RIP1 is crucial for programmed necrosis, but also mediates activation of the prosurvival transcription factor NF-kappaB. We postulated that additional molecules are required to specifically activate programmed necrosis. Using a RNA interference screen, we identified the kinase RIP3 as a crucial activator for programmed necrosis induced by TNF and during virus infection. RIP3 regulates necrosis-specific RIP1 phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of RIP1 and RIP3 stabilizes their association within the pronecrotic complex, activates the pronecrotic kinase activity, and triggers downstream reactive oxygen species production. The pronecrotic RIP1-RIP3 complex is induced during vaccinia virus infection. Consequently, RIP3(-/-) mice exhibited severely impaired virus-induced tissue necrosis, inflammation, and control of viral replication. Our findings suggest that RIP3 controls programmed necrosis by initiating the pronecrotic kinase cascade, and that this is necessary for the inflammatory response against virus infections.
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Upon necroptosis initiation by TNFR1, RIPK3 is activated by RIPK1 (provided CASP8 is inactive) through mechanism involving physical interaction between their RHIM domains and RIPK1 catalytic activity.
“Upon necroptosis initiation by TNFR1, RIPK3 is activated by RIPK1 (provided that CASP8 is inactive, see below) through a mechanism involving the physical interaction between their respective RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) domains and RIPK1 catalytic activity [436–438].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [438]
Activation of RIPK3 downstream of TNFR1 ligation relies on formation of RIPK1-containing and RIPK3-containing amyloid-like signaling complex known as necrosome, wherein first RIPK1 and then RIPK3 undergo trans-phosphorylation or auto-phosphorylation events required for MLKL recruitment and necroptosis activation.
“In particular, the activation of RIPK3 downstream of TNFR1 ligation relies on the formation of a RIPK1-containing and RIPK3-containing amyloid-like signaling complex commonly known as necrosome [436, 470], wherein first RIPK1 and then RIPK3 undergo a series of trans-phosphorylation or auto-phosphorylation events that are required for MLKL recruitment and necroptosis activation [437, 438, 442, 471]”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [438]
Excess TNF-α may induce apoptosis and necrosis of infected macrophages via stimulation of receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinases 1 and 3 and excessive radical formation.
“However, excess TNF-α may have the opposite effect by inducing apoptosis and necrosis of infected macrophages via stimulation of receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinases 1 and 3 (RIP1 and RIP3) and excessive radical formation (64–66).”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [66]
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- Authors
- Cho, Y., Challa, S., Moquin, D., Genga, R., Ray, T. D., Guildford, M., & Chan, F. K.-M.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chan, Francis Ka-Ming
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1112-1123
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2727676
- OpenAlex
- W1979032223
- Cited by
- 2,435
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 194 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 168 · 2015: 136 · 2014: 191 · 2013: 117 · 2012: 119
- FWCI
- 39.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research Institute
- Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R37AI017672, AI 17672, R21AI065877, AI065877, R01AI017672)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 32520, P30DK032520)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- RIPK1, RIPK3, necroptosis, caspase-independent cell death, vaccinia virus infection, reactive oxygen species, NF-κB, virus control
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Necrosis, Phosphorylation, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Vaccinia, Vaccinia virus, NF-kappa B, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Mice, Knockout, Jurkat Cells, GTPase-Activating Proteins, Mice, Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
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