Randomized, double‐blind, pilot evaluation of intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. This was a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, pilot trial in subjects with PD whose motor symptoms were not adequately controlled with their current medication regimen. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive intravenous glutathione 1,400 mg or placebo administered three times a week for 4 weeks. Twenty‐one subjects were randomly assigned, 11 to glutathione and 10 to placebo. One subject who was assigned to glutathione withdrew from the study for personal reasons prior to undergoing any postrandomization efficacy assessments. Glutathione was well tolerated and there were no withdrawals because of adverse events in either group. Reported adverse events were similar in the two groups. There were no significant differences in changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores. Over the 4 weeks of study medication administration, UPDRS ADL + motor scores improved by a mean of 2.8 units more in the glutathione group (P = 0.32), and over the subsequent 8 weeks worsened by a mean of 3.5 units more in the glutathione group (P = 0.54). Glutathione was well tolerated and no safety concerns were identified. Preliminary efficacy data suggest the possibility of a mild symptomatic effect, but this remains to be evaluated in a larger study. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
PD patients with badly controlled motor symptoms intravenously administered 1400 mg glutathione three times a week for four weeks had minor symptomatic improvement and well-tolerated glutathione.
“In another study, PD patients with badly controlled motor symptoms were intravenously administrated 1400 mg of glutathione three times a week for four weeks. The outcome was a minor symptomatic improvement and well-tolerated glutathione (Hauser et al. 2009).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Hauser et al. 2009
Cites
Transition metals, ferritin, glutathione, and ascorbic acid in parkinsonian brains
Riederer, P., Sofic, E., Rausch, W., Schmidt, B., Reynolds, G. P., Jellinger, K., & Youdim, M. B. H. (1989) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09150.x · Cited by 1,383 · see citing works
Sian, J., Dexter, D. T., Lees, A. J., Daniel, S., Agid, Y., Javoy‐Agid, F., Jenner, P., & Marsden, C. D. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410360305 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
Klivenyi, P., Andreassen, O. A., Ferrante, R. J., Dedeoglu, A., Mueller, G., Lancelot, E., Bogdanov, M., Andersen, J. K., Jiang, D., & Beal, M. F. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-01-00001.2000 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
Reduced and oxidized glutathione in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease
Sofic, E., Lange, K. W., Jellinger, K. A., & Riederer, P. (1992) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(92)90355-b · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Sudden-Onset Sleep in Parkinson Disease
Hobson, D. E., Lang, A. E., Martin, W. R. W., Razmy, A., Rivest, J., & Fleming, J. A. E. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.4.455 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Glutathione peroxidase, glial cells and Parkinson's disease
Damier, P., Hirsch, É. C., Zhang, P., Agid, Y., & Javoy-Agid, F. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90175-f · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Perry, T. L., & Yong, V. W. (1986) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(86)90320-4 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Dexter, D. T., Sian, J., Rose, S., Hindmarsh, J. G., Mann, V. M., Cooper, J. A. D., Wells, F. R., Daniel, S. E., Lees, A. J., Schapira, A. H. V., et al. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410350107 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Clancy, R. M., Levartovsky, D., Leszczynska-Piziak, J., Yegudin, J., & Abramson, S. B. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.3680 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Multiple roles of glutathione in the central nervous system.
Cooper, A. J., & Kristal, B. S. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Glutathione‐related enzymes in brain in Parkinson's disease
Sian, J., Dexter, D. T., Lees, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Jenner, P. G., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410360306 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Evidence for generation of oxidative stress in brain by MPTP: in vitro and in vivo studies in mice
Sriram, K., Pai, K. S., Boyd, M. R., & Ravindranath, V. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01271-1 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Glutathione and Signal Transduction in the Mammalian CNS
Janáky, R., Ogita, K., Pasqualotto, B. A., Bains, J. S., Oja, S. S., Yoneda, Y., & Shaw, C. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730889.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early parkinson's disease
Sechi, G., Deledda, M. G., Bua, G., Satta, W. M., Deiana, G. A., Pes, G. M., & Rosati, G. (1996) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(96)00103-0 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Chinta, S. J., Kumar, M. J., Hsu, M., Rajagopalan, S., Kaur, D., Rane, A., Nicholls, D. G., Choi, J., & Andersen, J. K. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3885-07.2007 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Chinta, S. J., & Andersen, J. K. (2006) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.002 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Kannan, R., Chakrabarti, R., Tang, D., Kim, K. J., & Kaplowitz, N. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02184-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
GSH Transport in Immortalized Mouse Brain Endothelial Cells
Kannan, R., Mittur, A. V., Bao, Y., Tsuruo, T., & Kaplowitz, N. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730390.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Evidence for Transcapillary Transport of Reduced Glutathione in Vascular Perfused Guinea-Pig Brain
Zloković, B. V., Mačkić, J. B., McComb, J. G., Weiss, M. H., Kaplowitz, N., & Kannan, R. (1994) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1715 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
[7] Reaction of superoxide with glutathioneand other thiols
Winterbourn, C. C., & Metodiewa, D. (1995) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(95)51112-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ehrhart, J., & Zeevalk, G. D. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01954.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in the aging substantia nigra and the etiology of Parkinson's disease
Trist, B. G., Hare, D. J., & Double, K. L. (2019) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13031 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Glutathione metabolism and Parkinson's disease
Smeyne, M., & Smeyne, R. J. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.001 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Dysregulation of Glutathione Homeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Johnson, W. M., Wilson‐Delfosse, A. L., & Mieyal, J. J. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4101399 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson’s Disease
Chang, K., & Chen, C. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9070597 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease: glia–neuron crosstalk
Wang, Z.-L., Yuan, L., Li, W., & Li, J.-Y. (2022) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.003 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease: beyond dopaminergic drugs
Charvin, D., Medori, R., Hauser, R. A., & Rascol, O. (2018) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.136 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ongoing pursuit of neuroprotective therapies in Parkinson disease
Athauda, D. S., & Foltynie, T. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.226 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Astrocytes and Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease
Rappold, P. M., & Tieu, K. (2010) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.07.001 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
N-acetylcysteine Boosts Brain and Blood Glutathione in Gaucher and Parkinson Diseases
Holmay, M. J., Terpstra, M., Coles, L. D., Mishra, U., Ahlskog, M., Öz, G., Cloyd, J. C., & Tuite, P. J. (2013) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e31829ae713 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, past PD research using intravenously administered GSH failed to provide a definitive benefit.(10) This failure may be related to a suboptimal dosing regimen but more likely is due to the saturable mechanism for GSH passage across the blood-brain barrier as well as a lack of uptake into neurons.”
Therapies in Parkinsonʼs disease
Jankovic, J. J., & Poewe, W. H. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e3283542fc2 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Ding, X.-S., Gao, L., Han, Z., Eleuteri, S., Shi, W., Shen, Y., Song, Z.-Y., Su, M., Yang, Q., Qu, Y., et al. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102077 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Allen, J., & Bradley, R. D. (2011) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0716 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Dwivedi, D., Megha, K., Mishra, R., & Mandal, P. K. (2020) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-020-03030-1 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Monti, D., Zabrecky, G. P., Kremens, D. E., Liang, T., Wintering, N., Cai, J., Wei, X., Bazzan, A. J., Li, Z., Bowen, B., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157602 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Pathogenesis-Targeted, Disease-Modifying Therapies in Parkinson Disease
AlDakheel, A., Kalia, L. V., & Lang, A. E. (2013) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-013-0218-1 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Placebo effect of medication cost in Parkinson disease
Espay, A. J., Norris, M. M., Eliassen, J. C., Dwivedi, A. K., Smith, M. S., Banks, C., Allendorfer, J. B., Lang, A. E., Fleck, D. E., Linke, M. J., et al. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001282 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Jurcău, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111847 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Cook, A. L., Vitale, A. M., Ravishankar, S., Matigian, N., Sutherland, G. T., Shan, J., Sutharsan, R., Perry, C., Silburn, P. A., Mellick, G. D., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021907 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Impact of Supplementary Amino Acids, Micronutrients, and Overall Diet on Glutathione Homeostasis
Gould, R. L., & Pazdro, R. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051056 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Novel insights into ferroptosis: Implications for age-related diseases
Zhou, R., Chen, Y., Wei, X., Yu, B., Xiong, Z., Lu, C., & Hu, W. M. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.50663 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Overview and recent advances in electrochemical sensing of glutathione – A review
Hanko, M., Švorc, Ĺ., Planková, A., & Mikuš, P. (2019) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.052 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
N‐Acetyl Cysteine Is Associated With Dopaminergic Improvement in Parkinson's Disease
Monti, D. A., Zabrecky, G., Kremens, D., Liang, T., Wintering, N. A., Bazzan, A. J., Zhong, L., Bowens, B. K., Chervoneva, I., Intenzo, C., et al. (2019) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.1548 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of zonisamide target astrocyte
Asanuma, M., Miyazaki, I., Diaz-Corrales, F. J. J., Kimoto, N., Kikkawa, Y., Takeshima, M., Miyoshi, K., & Murata, M. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21885 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Pizzorno, J. E. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Current Pharmaceutical Treatments and Alternative Therapies of Parkinson's Disease
Dong, J., Cui, Y., Li, S., & Le, W. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666151120123025 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Phase IIb Study of Intranasal Glutathione in Parkinson’s Disease
Mischley, L. K., Lau, R. C., Shankland, E. G., Wilbur, T. K., & Padowski, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-161040 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Dietary Antioxidants and Parkinson’s Disease
Park, H., & Ellis, A. C. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9070570 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Thiol-Redox Signaling, Dopaminergic Cell Death, and Parkinson's Disease
García‐García, A., Zavala-Flores, L. M., Rodríguez‐Rocha, H., & Franco, R. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4501 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Antioxidant Therapeutics in Parkinson’s Disease: Current Challenges and Opportunities
Duarte-Jurado, A. P., Gopar‐Cuevas, Y., Cárdenas, O. S., Loera‐Arias, M. D. J., Montes‐de‐Oca‐Luna, R., García‐García, A., & Rodríguez‐Rocha, H. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10030453 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Interventions for fatigue in Parkinson's disease
Elbers, R. G., Verhoef, J., van Wegen, E. E. H., Berendse, H. W., & Kwakkel, G. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010925.pub2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kasote, D. M., Hegde, M. V., & Katyare, S. S. (2013) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1093 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A Review of the Clinical Evidence for Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Parkinson’s Disease
Bega, D., González-Latapí, P., Zadikoff, C., & Simuni, T. (2014) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-014-0314-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Sikorska, M., Lanthier, P., Miller, H., Beyers, M., Sodja, C., Zurakowski, B., Gangaraju, S., Pandey, S., & Sandhu, J. K. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.032 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Robea, M. A., Balmuș, I.-M., Ciobica, A. S., Strungaru, Ș.-A., Plavan, G. I., Gorgan, L., Săvucă, A., & Nicoară, M. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/1370837 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Glutathione and Related Molecules in Parkinsonism
Asanuma, M., & Miyazaki, I. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22168689 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Central nervous system uptake of intranasal glutathione in Parkinson’s disease
Mischley, L. K., Conley, K. E., Shankland, E. G., Kavanagh, T. J., Rosenfeld, M. E., Duda, J. E., White, C. C., Wilbur, T. K., Torre, P. U. D. L., & Padowski, J. M. (2016) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/npjparkd.2016.2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Therapeutic potential of glutathione-enhancers in stress-related psychopathologies
Zalachoras, I., Hollis, F., Ramos‐Fernández, E., Trovò, L., Sonnay, S., Geiser, E., Preitner, N., Steiner, P., Sandi, C., & Morató, L. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.015 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Iron Brain Menace: The Involvement of Ferroptosis in Parkinson Disease
Lin, K.-J., Chen, S., Lin, K.-L., Liou, C., Lan, M., Chuang, Y., Wang, P., Lee, J., Wang, F., Lin, H., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11233829 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Astroglial activation: Current concepts and future directions
Edison, P. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13678 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A randomized, double‐blind phase I / II a study of intranasal glutathione in P arkinson's disease
Mischley, L. K., Leverenz, J. B., Lau, R. C., Polissar, N. L., Neradilek, M. B., Samii, A., & Standish, L. J. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26351 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Nexus between mitochondrial function, iron, copper and glutathione in Parkinson's disease
Liddell, J. R., & White, A. R. (2017) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.016 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ghaffari, B. D., & Kluger, B. M. (2014) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-014-0451-y · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chen, P., Stone, J., Sullivan, G., Drisko, J., & Chen, Q. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.031 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of levetiracetam target xCT in astrocytes in parkinsonian mice
Miyazaki, I., Murakami, S., Torigoe, N., Kitamura, Y., & Asanuma, M. (2015) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13405 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tosukhowong, P., Boonla, C., Dissayabutra, T., Kaewwilai, L., Muensri, S., Chotipanich, C., Joutsa, J., Rinne, J. O., & Bhidayasiri, R. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.056 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
DJ-1 as a Biomarker of Parkinson’s Disease
Saito, Y. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6583-5_10 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Jiang, X., Wu, K., Ye, X., Xie, T., Zhang, P., Blass, B. E., & Bai, R. (2023) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21939 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zeevalk, G. D., Bernard, L. P., & Guilford, F. T. (2010) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-010-0217-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Increased cysteine metabolism in PINK1 models of Parkinson's disease
Travaglio, M., Michopoulos, F., Yu, Y., Popovic, R., Foster, E., Coen, M., & Martins, L. M. (2023) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.049727 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Neurological Oxidative Stress Diseases
Estevez, A. Y., & Erlichman, J. S. (2011) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2011-1083.ch009 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kaimal, R., Dube, A., Souwaileh, A. M. A., Wu, J. J., & Anandan, S. (2023) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d3an01714a · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Parkinson Disease: Translating Insights from Molecular Mechanisms to Neuroprotection
Pirooznia, S. K., Rosenthal, L. S., Dawson, V. L., & Dawson, T. M. (2021) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000189 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mucuna pruriens seeds in treatment of Parkinson’s disease: pharmacological review
Kasture, S. B., Mohan, M., & Kasture, V. S. (2013) · Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13596-013-0126-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neuroprotection against Aminochrome Neurotoxicity: Glutathione Transferase M2-2 and DT-Diaphorase
Segura‐Aguilar, J., Muñoz, P., Inzunza, J., Varshney, M., Nalvarte, I., & Mannervik, B. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11020296 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and Other Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Serum of Autistic Children
Abdel‐Salam, O. M. E., Youness, E. R., Mohammed, N. A., & Abuelhamd, W. A. (2015) · Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.4236/ojmip.2015.51002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Huang, Z., Zhou, Y., Dong, H. Y., Bi, Y., & Xu, M. (2023) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2023.109345 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Potential use of glutathione as a treatment for Parkinson's disease
Wang, H., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Dong, L., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2020.9557 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Campolo, J., Bernardi, S., Cozzi, L., Rocchiccioli, S., Dellanoce, C., Cecchettini, A., Tonini, A., Parolini, M., Chiara, B. C. D., Micheloni, G., et al. (2017) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.018 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Safety Survey of Intranasal Glutathione
Mischley, L. K., Vespignani, M., & Finnell, J. S. (2012) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0673 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Astrocytes Role in Parkinson: A Double-Edged Sword
Cabezas, R., Fidel, M., Torrente, D., El-Bachá, R. D. S., Morales, L., González, J., & George, E. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/54305 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Li, Q., Yang, X., & Li, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1570069 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Intravenous glutathione for skin lightening: Inadequate safety data
Davids, L. M., Wyk, J. C. V., & Khumalo, N. P. (2016) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2016.v106i8.10878 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yanuck, S. F., Pizzorno, J. E., Messier, H., & Fitzgerald, K. N. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sechi, G., & Sechi, M. M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011198 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Astrocytes in Parkinson's disease: from preclinical assays to in vivo imaging and therapeutic probes
Zeng, Z., Roussakis, A., Lao–Kaim, N. P., & Piccini, P. P. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Drisko, J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00107-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rabin, M., Stevens‐Haas, C., Havrilla, E., Rosenstein, A. K., Toffey, B., Devi, T., Earnhardt, M. C., & Kurlan, R. (2015) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.12170 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Khan, Z. G., Agrawal, T. N., Bari, S. B., Nangare, S., & Patil, P. O. (2023) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2023.123608 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Glutathione: Physiological and Clinical Relevance
Pizzorno, J. E., & Katzinger, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Restorative Medicine · doi:10.14200/jrm.2012.1.1002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Niacin for Parkinson's disease
Seamon, M., Purohit, S. B., Giri, B., Baban, B., Morgan, J. C., Chong, R. K. Y., & Wakade, C. G. (2019) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.12553 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Parkinson Symptom Severity and Use of Nutraceuticals
Mischley, L. K., Farahnik, J., Mantay, L., Punzi, J., Szampruch, K., Ferguson, T., & Fox, D. J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15040802 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Research progress on intranasal treatment for Parkinson's disease
Wen, P., & Ren, C. (2024) · Neuroprotection/Neuroprotection (Chichester, England. Print) · doi:10.1002/nep3.42 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lai, C., Cheng, S., Lee, T., Hsiao, Y.-F., Liu, H., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12071978 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Efficacy of intravenous glutathione vs. placebo for skin tone lightening
Zubair, S., Hafeez, S., & Mujtaba, G. (2017) · Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists · doi:10.66344/jpad.v26i3.18 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
From pathogenesis to treatment: the emerging role of ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease
Tu, R., Han, Z., Zhang, H., Jia, X., Sun, T., Liu, H., Li, J., Tang, M., & Wang, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1709561 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Intermittent Claudication: New Targets for Drug Development
Brass, E. P. (2013) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0078-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Banerjee, P., Saha, I., Sarkar, D., & Maiti, A. K. (2022) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-022-00501-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A novel free radical scavenger rescues retinal cells in vivo
O’Driscoll, C., Doonan, F., Sanvicens, N., Messeguer, Á., & Cotter, T. G. (2011) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2011.04.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Parikh, J. R., Xia, Y., & Marto, J. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045211 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Espay, A. J., & Stecher, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108888202 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Multi-Scale Computational Model of Levodopa-Induced Toxicity in Parkinson's Disease
Muddapu, V. R., Vijayakumar, K., Ramakrishnan, K., & Chakravarthy, V. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.797127 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, C., Wang, W., Ma, S., Lü, J., Shi, H., & Ding, F. H. (2015) · Journal of Interventional Cardiology · doi:10.1111/joic.12204 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nutraceuticals and Other Natural Products in Parkinson’s Disease Therapy
Mythri, R. B., Joshi, A. K. R., & Bharath, M. M. S. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411462-3.00044-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Okun, M. S., Lang, A. E., & Jankovic, J. J. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23021 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Balck, A., Borsche, M., Campbell, P., Luo, X., Harvey, J., Brückmann, T., Ludwig, C., Harms, A. C., Lohmann, K., Brown, E. E., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp7063 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Simmons, A. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00015-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Eshkevari, L., Sales, M. A. M., Collins, C., Totoraitis, J., Donohue, L., Dalley, C. B., Bregman, B., Negro, P., Gordon, S., & Estrada, C. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115949 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Multi-omics signature of healthy versus unhealthy lifestyles reveals associations with diseases
Fu, G., Rushing, B. R., Graves, L. M., Nieman, D. C., Pellegrini, M. A., Soldano, M., Thompson, M. J., Sakaguchi, C. A., Pathmasiri, W., & Sumner, S. (2025) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-025-00817-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ferroptosis: a novel pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease: A review
Jiao, D., Yang, Y., Wang, K., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041218 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Treating Parkinson Disease with Autologous Telomerase-Positive Stem Cells, Update 2021
Young, W., & Speight, M. O. (2021) · Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.33425/2639-9512.1059 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neilson, L. E., Quinn, J. F., & Lim, M. M. (2023) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2022.1024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reduced glutathione and Parkinson's disease
Sechi, G. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23383 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Complementary and Integrative Treatments
Asher, B. F. (2013) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2013.02.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Higher‐dose glutathione therapy for Parkinson's disease in Japan: Is it really safe?
Naito, Y., Matsuo, K., Kokubo, Y., Narita, Y., & Tomimoto, H. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Muddapu, V. R., Vijayakumar, K., Ramakrishnan, K., & Chakravarthy, V. S. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026807 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The irony of Parkinson's disease: Converging mechanisms of redox imbalance and ferroptosis
Cooke, L., Rocha, E. M., Maio, R. D., Straub, A. C., & Fazzari, M. (2026) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2026.104239 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jung, S., Kim, K., Wang, S., Han, M., & Lee, D. (2024) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2024.10.035 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Intravenous glutathione should not be mismatched with ozone as an antioxidant therapy
Chirumbolo, S., Franzini, M., Ricevuti, G., & Valdenassi, L. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118197 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aerts, L., & Morais, V. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803783-6.00002-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hauser, R. A., Lyons, K. E., McClain, T., Carter, S., & Perlmutter, D.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hauser, Robert A.
- Venue
- Movement Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-05-15
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 979-983
- ISSN
- 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8257
- OpenAlex
- W1955012509
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, motor symptoms, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, treatment efficacy, drug safety and tolerability, antioxidant therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antiparkinson Agents, Double-Blind Method, Drug Evaluation, Female, Glutathione, Humans, Injections, Intravenous, Male, Mental Status Schedule, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Pilot Projects, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
