Cited by 859Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsNeurology and Historical StudiesDeep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders

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Past, present, and future of Parkinson's disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy

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Obeso, J.A., Stamelou, M., Goetz, C.G., Poewe, W., Lang, A.E., Weintraub, D., Burn, D., Halliday, G.M., Bezard, E., Przedborski, S., Lehericy, S., Brooks, D.J., Rothwell, J.C., Hallett, M., DeLong, M.R., Marras, C., Tanner, C.M., Ross, G.W., Langston, J.W., Klein, C., Bonifati, V., Jankovic, J., Lozano, A.M., Deuschl, G., Bergman, H., Tolosa, E., Rodriguez‐Violante, M., Fahn, S., Postuma, R.B., Berg, D., Marek, K., Standaert, D.G., Surmeier, D.J., Olanow, C.W., Kordower, J.H., Calabresi, P., Schapira, A.H.V., Stoessl, A.J.·2017·Movement Disorders

DOI 10.1002/mds.27115PMC PMC5685546

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Abstract

This article reviews and summarizes 200 years of Parkinson's disease. It comprises a relevant history of Dr. James Parkinson's himself and what he described accurately and what he missed from today's perspective. Parkinson's disease today is understood as a multietiological condition with uncertain etiopathogenesis. Many advances have occurred regarding pathophysiology and symptomatic treatments, but critically important issues are still pending resolution. Among the latter, the need to modify disease progression is undoubtedly a priority. In sum, this multiple‐author article, prepared to commemorate the bicentenary of the shaking palsy, provides a historical state‐of‐the‐art account of what has been achieved, the current situation, and how to progress toward resolving Parkinson's disease. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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“…disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the resulting dopamine depletion in the caudate-putamen (striatum), which underlies its cardinal motor symptoms [1].”
CK2α Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Mitophagy via the PERK/ATF4/CHOP Pathway in Rotenone-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells
Lim, K. M., Hwang, J., & Koh, H. C. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05441-z · Cited by 4
“Given the high metabolic demands of neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction is particularly critical in neurodegenerative contexts [1, 2].”
Effects of levodopa on motor and cerebellar network connectivity in Parkinson’s disease
Huang, L.-C., Chen, L.-G., Lin, S.-H., Tsai, S.-T., Wu, P.-A., & Chen, S.-Y. (2025) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-025-08565-1 · Cited by 2
“Despite its clinical benefits, chronic levodopa use is frequently asso - ciated with motor complications such as fluctuations and dyskinesia [6 ], and its therapeutic efficacy tends to decline over time [7].”
A New Methodological Approach Integrating Motion Capture and Pressure-Sensitive Gait Data to Assess Functional Mobility in Parkinson’s Disease: A Two-Phase Study
Köchli, S., Casso, M.-I., Delevoye, Y., Schmid, S., Rose, D., & Whyatt, C. P. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25195999 · Cited by 2
“Converging evidence from global surveys suggests that the prevalence of people with Parkinson’s (PwP) will double by 2050 [1,2].”
Distinct microRNA signatures define sporadic PSP-RS and PD in patient-derived midbrain organoids
Valente, D., Zannino, C., Scalise, S., Bressan, D., Lucchino, V., Filomena, E., Benedetto, G., Lazzinnaro, I., Talarico, M., Quattrone, A., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113162 · Cited by 2
“3,4 In contrast, PSP-RS, the most prevalent clinical phenotype within the spectrum of progressive supranu-clear palsy disorders, is marked by the widespread deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau in the midbrain, basal ganglia, and brainstem.”
Detection of anxiety and depression-like behavior and intra-brain pathological markers in Parkinsonian cynomolgus monkeys.
Zhang, L., Yan, J., Song, S., Yang, Y., Li, S.-Y., Song, J., Weng, M., Liang, C., & Yue, F. (2025) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115242 · Cited by 2
Altered reactivity to threatening stimuli in Drosophila models of Parkinson’s disease, revealed by a trial-based assayPreprint
Kajtor, M., Billes, V., Király, B., Karkusova, P., Kovács, T., Stabb, H., Sviatkó, K., Vizi, A., Ujvári, E., Balázsfi, D., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.90905 · Cited by 1
“PD is slowly progressing and typically leads to years of aggra-vating disability, thereby placing a huge burden on families, health care systems, and society, measured in hundreds of billions of dollars annually ( Olesen et al., 2012 ; Obeso et al., 2017 ; Przedborski, 2017 ; Bloem et al., 2021 ).”
The Rotenone‐Induced Sporadic Parkinsonism Model: Timeline of Motor and Non‐Motor Features
Nascimento, T. D. S., Oliveira, A. V., Belém, M. D. O., Bezerra, J. R., do Carmo, M. R. S., da Silva, M. E., Cunha, R. A., Feitosa, C. R. C., do Santos, A. A., Sampaio, T. L., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16669 · Cited by 3
“…a decrease of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine and an accumulation of total and pathological species of α-synuclein in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic areas together with a motor and coordination deterioration (Obeso et al. 2017), which emerge only two weeks after beginning rotenone treatment.”
CISL-PD: A deep learning framework of clinical intervention strategies for Parkinson’s disease based on directional counterfactual Dual GANs
Pan, C., Tian, Y., Ma, L., Zhou, T., Ouyang, S., & Li, J. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125506 · Cited by 4
Empathy design method based on immersive interactive experiential spaces: A case study of Parkinson’s disease in China
Yang, X., Guan, J., Han, D., & Ren, X. (2024) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2024.2405775 · Cited by 1
“For example, around 90% of patients may have issues such as impaired sense of smell, constipation, sleep disorder, depression and anxiety (Obeso et al. 2017).”
Influential
Matching supplementary motor area-primary motor cortex paired transcranial magnetic stimulation improves motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a single-center, double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial protocol
Tang, X.-F., Huang, Z., Zhu, G., Liang, H., Sun, H. J., Zhang, Y., Tan, Y., Cui, M., Gong, H., Wang, X., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1422535 · Cited by 2
Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of ginger in the management of neurodegenerative disorders
Olajide, P. A., & Adetuyi, B. O. (2023) · Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences · doi:10.47419/bjbabs.v4i04.169 · Cited by 3
“This neurodegeneration leads to a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc’s projections to the striatum, which disrupts the normal functioning of the basal ganglia (Obeso et al., 2017).”
Background
Modulating Cortical Hemodynamic Activity in Parkinson’s Disease Using Focal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Pilot Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy Study
Simpson, M. W., & Mak, K. Y. (2023) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-023-01002-6 · Cited by 2
“Parkinson’s disease (PD), a movement disorder characterized by impaired basal ganglia function, leads to widespread functional changes among the motor network (Jankovic 2008; Obeso et al. 2017).”
Background
Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Evaluation of Two Formulations of Pramipexole Dihydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets in Healthy Chinese Subjects Under Fasted and Fed States: A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, Two-Period Crossover Clinical Trial
Yang, L., Zhang, L., & Luo, Z. (2023) · Drug Design, Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s421449 · Cited by 2
“Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and Lewy body formation in the substantia nigra, decreased striatal dopamine transmitters, and imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine transmitters over…”
Background
Connectome-based fingerprint of motor impairment is stable along the course of Parkinson’s disease
Rabini, G., Pierotti, E., Meli, C., Dodich, A., Papagno, C., & Turella, L. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad252 · Cited by 4
Navigating (un)certainty in ‘downhill’ trajectories: An ethnographic study about rehabilitees’ and professionals’ experiences of goal-setting in Parkinson's disease rehabilitation
Tonnesen, M., & Nielsen, C. V. (2023) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155231170690 · Cited by 2
“A noteworthy symptom of Parkinson’s disease with regard to goal-setting is cognitive impairment (other symptoms include rigidity, tremor, apathy, dysphagia, masked face, speech impairment).(15,16) Cognitive impairment may inhibit one’s ability to plan, carry out tasks, and monitor aspects that facilitate working with…”
Background
Moving goals. Goal-work in Parkinson's disease rehabilitation
Tonnesen, M., Nielsen, C. V., & Andersen, R. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2022.819862 · Cited by 2
“PD symptoms include a range of motor and nonmotor symptoms, rigidity, tremor, problems with cognition, speech, depression, sleeping disorder, and apathy (14, 15).”
Background
Alpha-Synuclein Clearance through Inhibiting Akt/mTOR Pathway by Microfluidic Encapsulated Induced Conjunctival MSCs in a Parkinsonian Model
Forouzandeh, M., Bigdeli, M. R., Mostafavi, H., Nadri, S., & Eskandari, M. (2022) · Iranian journal of pathology · doi:10.30699/ijp.2022.553459.2890 · Cited by 2
“Five groups (n=40) of animals, each containing 8 Wistar rats, were investigated in the present study as follows: (1) the sham group: healthy rats that received only surgical stress; (2) the control group (PD Model): rats with Parkinson, that received no treatment; (3) vehicle group: rats with Parkinson, that treated w…”
BackgroundMethod
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM AS A PROSPECTIVE AREA FOR SCIENCE, HEALTHCARE, AND BUSINESS
Vasylevkyi, V., Stepanov, I., Koval, R., Soputnyak, M., Liutianska, N., Sheyko, V., & Stavnychyy, T. (2021) · Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) · doi:10.32345/2664-4738.3.2021.11 · Cited by 2
“PD misdiagnosing occurs in about 30% of all cases [21].”
Background
Small-molecule inhibitors of α-synuclein for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a patent landscape.
Joubert, J. (2020) · Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst · doi:10.4155/ppa-2020-0008 · Cited by 2
Stereotyped, automatized and habitual behaviours: are they similar constructs under the control of the same cerebral areas?
Florio, T. M. (2020) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2020010 · Cited by 3
Family Game Show-style Didactic for Teaching Nervous System Disorders during Emergency Medicine Training
Rajagopal, A., Sudario, G., Weiland, D., & Osborn, M. (2020) · Journal of Education and Teaching in Emergency Medicine · doi:10.21980/j8d357 · Cited by 2
Integrated Sequencing & Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization in Familial Parkinson’s DiseasePreprint
Robak, L., Du, R., Yuan, B., Gu, S., Alfradique-Dunham, I., Kondapalli, V., Hinojosa, E., Stillwell, A., Young, E., Zhang, C.-F., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/828566 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
The next chapter in symptomatic Parkinson disease treatments.
Hengartner, D., & Fernandez, H. (2019) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.01.002 · Cited by 2
EEG Feature Extraction for Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnosis: A Review
Lee, D.-G., & Lee, S.-B. (2025) · Digital Health Research · doi:10.61499/dhr.2025.3.e5 · Cited by 3
A brain-computer interface roadmap for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders
Sun, G., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Weng, L., Li, X., He, W., Sun, J., Liang, S., Kong, W., Dong, J.-Z., et al. (2025) · The Innovation Informatics · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-inform.2025.100016 · Cited by 2
Real-Time Tremor Monitoring and Estimation Using Multisensor Fusion for Wearable Active Suppression Systems
Gong, K., Jiang, L., Qiu, S., Tang, X., Wu, W., Yang, B., Guo, W., & Liu, H. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3643067 · Cited by 2
“It can also lead to depression and anxiety in some patients [2], [3].”
Gut microbial imbalance and neurodegenerative proteinopathies: from molecular mechanisms to prospects of clinical applications
Alonso-García, P., Martín, R., & Martínez‐Pinilla, E. (2021) · Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy · doi:10.37349/ent.2021.00005 · Cited by 2
“This multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is characterized by a progressive death of dopamine-producing neurons in the SN pars compacta [50].”
Background
Impaired Motor Control and Neurologic Rehabilitation in Older Adults
Lang, C. E., & Bland, M. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-60912-8.00017-8 · Cited by 3
Neural Synchronization in Parkinson’s Disease on Different Time Scales
Ahn, S., Park, C., & Rubchinsky, L. (2019) · Springer Series in Cognitive and Neural Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18830-6_6 · Cited by 2
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Parkinson Disease
Weis, S., Sonnberger, M., Dunzinger, A., Voglmayr, E., Aichholzer, M., Kleiser, R., & Strasser, P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1544-2_37 · Cited by 3
Nanobiotechnology in Parkinson’s Disease
Torres-Ortega, P. V., Martínez-Valbuena, I., Martí‐Andrés, G., Hanafy, A. S., Luquin, M. R., Garbayo, E., & Blanco‐Prieto, M. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30930-5_7 · Cited by 4
LRP10 Mutations May Correlate with Sporadic Parkinson’s Disease in China
Zhao, Q.-Z., Ning, P.-P., Yang, X.-L., Shi, C., Xu, Y.-M., Shen, Q.-Y., Huang, H.-Y., Xie, D., Chen, Y.-L., & Xu, Y.-M. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-02186-9 · Cited by 1
Association between microRNA 155 gene polymorphism and sporadic Parkinson’s disease
Luo, S., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Zou, Y. (2026) · Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1080/17410541.2026.2678221 · Cited by 1
Targeting the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway: emerging strategies for neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease
Ahire, C. G., & Kaur, G. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-11850-7 · Cited by 2
Redox-Encoded Proteostasis: Heat Shock Proteins as Integrators of Stress Adaptation and Therapeutic Targets
Guo, K., Li, X., Liang, Q., Chen, C., Lin, J., Zhan, T., Sun, C., Kang, N., Qiu, F. X., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1177/15230864261443823 · Cited by 1
“The pathological accumulations of a -synu- clein (Lewy bodies) and the detection of substantia nigra parscompacta (SNpc) neuronal degeneration are the de ﬁ ni-tive diagnosis of PD (Obeso et al., 2017; Tripathi, 2020).”
A unifying theory of brain signaling and its possible role in acquired chronic disease
Pereira, G., Corbett, M., Vernon, S. D., Colburn, S., & Chanda, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1683413 · Cited by 1
Meta analysis of glucose metabolism across Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and ALS Reveals emergence of adaptive brain glucometabolic responses and associated neurological functional profilesPreprint
Raikes, A., Garza, M., Murrell, A. N., & Brinton, R. D. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.07.26350339 · Cited by 1
“Unexpectedly, the hypermetabolic pattern was also associated with hand and finger motor outcomes, despite general motor impairments in both PD 183 and ALS 184 .”
Neurodegeneration Beyond Neurons: Emerging Insights from Molecular and Multi-Omics Approaches
Lualdi, M. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14030635 · Cited by 1
“Prominent examples are the mechanisms of aberrant proteostasis (protein aggregation), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations of vesicle dynamics in the two most frequent NDs world-wide, i.e., Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [5,6].”
α-Synuclein Deletion Leads to Hyposmia: due to Defective Autophagy Induced by Abnormal PI3K/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Olfactory Bulb
Shi, Y., Wang, H., Chen, J., Ren, J., Sun, X., Qu, M., Zhao, T., Han, C., Yuan, J., Meng, F., et al. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-026-05686-2 · Cited by 1
Modulation of Bromo- and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) Proteins Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Cell Culture Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Martella, N., Pensabene, D., Colardo, M., Muzzi, M., Bisesto, E., Varone, M., Caretti, G., Porzio, A. D., Barrella, V., Mazzoli, A., et al. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14010244 · Cited by 2
“Therefore, dopamine loss together with alterations in the basal ganglia circuitry determines the onset of parkin-sonism [4,5].”
DNAJC12 Disease
Manti, F., Ricciardi, G., Nardecchia, F., Tolve, M., Artiola, C., Carbone, M. T., Carducci, C., Mei, D., Porta, F., Ortolano, R., et al. (2025) · Neurology: Genetics · doi:10.1212/nxg.0000000000200335 · Cited by 1
“32,33 By contrast, DNAJC12d is a metabolic disorder causing dopamine depletion in the nigrostriatal pathway because of secondary tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) de ﬁ ciency.”
Striatal injection of aminochrome in Wistar rats induces early-stage behavioral changes of Parkinson's disease and dopaminergic degeneration in the caudal and medial regions of the nigra pars compacta
Teles-Souza, J., de Oliveira, J. V. R., de Araújo, F. M., Sanches, F. S., de Jesus, L. B., de Souza, S. L., Brito, A. D. P. S., Leite, C. M. O., Ferrolho, G. D. J., Fernández‐Villalba, E., et al. (2025) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106083 · Cited by 1
Parkinson's disease participant-led research: Towards neuroimaging-assisted deep brain stimulation programming
McAuley, M. D., Ionova, A. A., Horn, A., Heming, E. A., Onabajo, C. A., Solie, M. M., Stephenson, S. A., & Boehnke, S. (2025) · Journal of Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x251381454 · Cited by 1
AI in Neurology: Speech-Based Detection of Parkinson’s Disease using Machine Learning Models
Abubakkar, M., Khan, M. M., Hossain, M. Z., Islam, R., Khan, N. I., & Nahar, K. (2025) · International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow · doi:10.1109/rtsi64020.2025.11212567 · Cited by 1
“It is primarily characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability [2].”
A report of the Iranian Parkinson’s disease registry
Salari, M., Etemadifar, M., Vakilian, A., Chitsaz, A., Shafiei, K., Nabavi, S., Samaei, A., Riasi, A., & Hojjatipour, F. (2025) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-025-01108-7 · Cited by 2
“Thiswill help uslook intotherelationship between clinical features and otherbiomarkersinPD, whichisagreatlead becausethey help ustrack the disease ’ s progression and the effectiveness of medications, and will signi ﬁ cantly speed up our understanding of PD in the future 34 .”
Association between dietary inflammatory index and Parkinson’s disease: a prospective study of 165,531 UK biobank participants
Hao, C., Ma, D., Hu, Z., Hao, X., Li, M., Guo, M., Li, S., Zuo, C., Liang, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10082-2 · Cited by 1
“In recent years, research on PD has revealed various biological and environmental factors that may be associated with the condition 4,5 .”
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of post-mortem brain tissue reveals specific amino acid profile dysregulation in Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease patients
Gervasoni, J., Maio, A. D., Serra, M., Cicchinelli, M., Santucci, L., Ciasca, G., Nuzzo, T., (36669), Q. L., Thiolat, M.-L., Morelli, M., et al. (2026) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-026-01306-x · Cited by 5
Comparative efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for Parkinson’s disease with constipation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
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Eye movements during the Iowa Gambling Task in Parkinson’s disease: a brief report
Doshier, K., Ryals, A., Nejtek, V., Salvatore, M. F., & Lisk, J. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1478500 · Cited by 1
Narrative Review on Common Traits of Parkinson’s Disease and Epilepsy
Tilz, C., & Wang‐Tilz, Y. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14082716 · Cited by 2
“In their study, 2.6% of PD patients had epilepsy, similar to the previously reported 2.4% [89,91].”
Influential
Capsule Networks with a Self-Attention Mechanism for Classification of Parkinson's Disase from Tremor
Ban, R. (2025) · 2025 5th International Conference on Consumer Electronics and Computer Engineering (ICCECE) · doi:10.1109/iccece65250.2025.10984872 · Cited by 1
Cortical beta oscillation in brain slices of hemi parkinsonian mice.
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James Parkinson and Other Historical Aspects of Parkinson’s Disease
Dainton‐Howard, H., & Goetz, C. G. (2025) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2024.12.002 · Cited by 2
Self-citation

Authors: Obeso, J. A., Stamelou, M., Goetz, C. G., Poewe, W., Lang, A. E., Weintraub, D., Burn, D., Halliday, G. M., Bezard, E., Przedborski, S., Lehericy, S., Brooks, D. J., Rothwell, J. C., Hallett, M., DeLong, M. R., Marras, C., Tanner, C. M., Ross, G. W., Langston, J. W., Klein, C., Bonifati, V., Jankovic, J., Lozano, A. M., Deuschl, G., Bergman, H., Tolosa, E., Rodriguez‐Violante, M., Fahn, S., Postuma, R. B., Berg, D., Marek, K., Standaert, D. G., Surmeier, D. J., Olanow, C. W., Kordower, J. H., Calabresi, P., Schapira, A. H. V., & Stoessl, A. J.
Affiliations: Universidad San Pablo CEU (ES)
Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
Rush University Medical Center (US)
Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
University of Toronto (CA)
Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (US)
Newcastle University (GB)
The University of Sydney (AU)
Université de Bordeaux Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives Bordeaux France
Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière – ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225 Paris France
Aarhus University (DK)
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Emory University (US)
San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
VA Pacific Islands Health Care System (US)
Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center (US)
University of Lübeck (DE)
Erasmus MC (NL)
Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (ES)
Movement Disorders Clinic Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit Mexico City Mexico
Montreal General Hospital (CA)
Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (US)
University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
Northwestern University (US)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
University of Perugia (IT)
Vancouver Coastal Health (CA)
Corresponding author: Obeso, J.A.
ORCID: Obeso, J.A.
Stamelou, M.
Goetz, C.G.
Poewe, W.
Lang, A.E.
Weintraub, D.
Burn, D.
Halliday, G.M.
Przedborski, S.
Brooks, D.J.
Rothwell, J.C.
Hallett, M.
DeLong, M.R.
Marras, C.
Tanner, C.M.
Klein, C.
Bonifati, V.
Jankovic, J.
Lozano, A.M.
Deuschl, G.
Bergman, H.
Tolosa, E.
Rodriguez‐Violante, M.
Postuma, R.B.
Berg, D.
Marek, K.
Standaert, D.G.
Surmeier, D.J.
Olanow, C.W.
Kordower, J.H.
Calabresi, P.
Schapira, A.H.V.
Stoessl, A.J.
Venue: Movement Disorders
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2017-09
Volume: 32
Issue: 9
Pages: 1264-1310
ISSN: 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
1531-8257
DOI: 10.1002/mds.27115
PMC: PMC5685546
OpenAlex: W2753051298
Cited by: 859
References: 308
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 8.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 8 d)
Locations: Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Funders: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P50NS053488, R01NS034696)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurology and Historical Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
Keywords: Parkinson's disease, history of Parkinson's disease, James Parkinson, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, symptomatic treatment, disease progression, future research directions
MeSH terms: Anniversaries and Special Events, Humans, Parkinson Disease, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century

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Past, present, and future of Parkinson's disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy

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