Postmortem MRI of human brain hemispheres: T 2 relaxation times during formaldehyde fixation
Open accessAbstract
Unlike in vivo imaging, postmortem MRI allows for invasive examination of the tissue specimen immediately after the MR scan. However, natural tissue decomposition and chemical fixation cause the postmortem tissue's MRI properties to be different from those found in vivo. Moreover, these properties change as postmortem fixation time elapses. The goal of this study was to characterize the T 2 relaxation changes that occur over time in cadaveric human brain hemispheres during fixation. Five hemispheres immersed in formaldehyde solution were scanned on a weekly basis for 3 months postmortem, and once again at 6 months postmortem. The T 2 relaxation times were measured throughout the hemispheres. Over time, T 2 values near the edges of the hemispheres decreased rapidly after death, while T 2 values of deep tissue decreased more slowly. This difference is likely due to the relatively large distance from the hemisphere surface, and other barriers limiting diffusion of formaldehyde molecules to deep tissues. In addition, T 2 values in deep tissue did not continuously decay to a plateau, but instead reached a minimum and then increased to a plateau. This final increase may be due to the effects of prolonged tissue decomposition, a hypothesis that is supported by numerical simulations of the fixation process. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Different samples (or different anatomical areas within the same sample) are not affected homogeneously by preparation steps such as fixation or antibody penetration, which poses challenges in particular for between-subject validation designs.
“Moreover, it is known that different samples (or different anatomical areas within the same sample) are not affected homogeneously by preparation steps such as fixation or antibody penetration (Dawe, Bennett, Schneider, Vasireddi, Arfanakis, 2009, Seehaus, Roebroeck, Bastiani, Fonseca, 2015), which poses challenges in particular for between-subject validation designs.”
From Can MRI measure myelin? Systematic review, qualitative assessment, and meta-analysis of studies validating microstructural imaging with myelin histology (2021) · cites this paper as Dawe, Bennett, Schneider, Vasireddi, Arfanakis, 2009
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLongitudinal studies investigating tissue fixation report spatially and temporally varying effects on relaxation rates, MWF and also MP.
“Longitudinal studies investigating tissue fixation report spatially and temporally varying effects on relaxation rates, MWF and also MP (Dawe, Bennett, Schneider, Vasireddi, Arfanakis, 2009, Seifert, 2019, Shatl, Uddin, Matsuda, Figley, 2018).”
From Can MRI measure myelin? Systematic review, qualitative assessment, and meta-analysis of studies validating microstructural imaging with myelin histology (2021) · cites this paper as Dawe, Bennett, Schneider, Vasireddi, Arfanakis, 2009
The Conclusions (page not available) report that T2 relaxation during formaldehyde fixation varies with both time and position within human brain hemispheres. The paper does not report fixation effects on myelin water fraction (MWF) or MP; its Discussion describes analysis of different water environments as future work. Thus, this source supports the relaxation component of the multiply cited sentence, but not the full list of measures. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Dawe, R. J., Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Vasireddi, S. K., & Arfanakis, K.
- Affiliations
- Illinois Institute of Technology (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arfanakis, Konstantinos
- Venue
- Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-02
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 810-818
- ISSN
- 0740-3194 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-2594
- PMC
- PMC2713761
- OpenAlex
- W2135249414
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017917, P30-AG 10161, R01‐AG17917, R01 AG15819, R01AG015819, P30AG010161)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › NMR spectroscopy and applications
- Keywords
- postmortem MRI, T2 relaxation time, formalin fixation, tissue decomposition, fixation duration
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Fixatives, Formaldehyde, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Postmortem Changes
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