Biodegradable Nanocomposite Filament Based on PLA / PCL / CNCs for FDM 3D Printing: Production, Characterization and Printability
Open accessAbstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a widening technique for the processing of polymers that is not only used by personal users but also by some industries. The development of biodegradable and bio‐based composites for AM attracts great interest with respect to various aspects such as environmental issues, user health, and biomedical applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a good candidate for bio‐based materials. However, its brittleness needs to be improved. In this study, PLA‐based filaments with improved toughness by adding polycaprolactone (PCL) (10% and 20% by weight) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) (5% by weight) were produced for the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The physical, thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of the produced filaments were comprehensively characterized. All filament diameters were found to be within the suitable range for FDM applications (1.75 ± 0.05 mm). TGA analyses showed that the filaments could maintain their thermal stability up to approximately 256°C and that the CNCs enhanced their thermal stability. The addition of PCL and CNCs did not cause significant changes in T g and T m of the neat PLA ( T g = 58.14°C and T m = 175.93°C). The tensile test results indicated that the PCL and CNCs reinforcement increased the elongation at break from 6.76% to 40.25% and the toughness from 2.94 to 14.48 MJ/m 3 . In the last part, the three‐dimensional (3D) printability was demonstrated by producing auxetic sheets with optimized printing parameters based on MFI, TGA, and DSC data, and good dimensional stability was obtained.
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Achieving uniform dispersion and strong interfacial bonding remains a major challenge in PLA/PCL nanocomposites.
“However, achieving uniform dispersion and strong interfacial bonding remains a major challenge [96], often addressed through surface modification of fillers or compatibilizers tailored to interact with both the polymer matrix and the various fillers [25,32].”
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A brief review on preparation and application of MWCNT-based polymer nanocomposites
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Ngwenya, M., Gumede, T. P., Pérez Camargo, R. A., & Motloung, B. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18225172 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Leite-Barbosa, O. S., Santos, D. C. D. S., Pinto, C., Braga, F. C. F., Oliveira, M. G., de Oliveira, M. F. L., & da Veiga, V. F. (2026) · BioTech · doi:10.3390/biotech15020031 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Saleh, M., Anwar, S., Al-Ahmari, A. M., Abdelgawad, A., Al-khalli, N., & AlFaify, A. Y. (2026) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym18141696 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Orak, A., Elitaş, M., & Kalyon, A. (2026) · International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s12541-026-01490-z
Recent advances of 3D printed functional materials based on plant-derived nanocelluloses: A review
Yang, Z., Zhou, H., Tan, Y., Yao, J., Xu, H., Cai, Z., Liu, C., & Zhao, P. (2026) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.153771
- Authors
- Ilhan, R., Gumus, O. Y., & Lekesiz, H.
- Affiliations
- Engineering and Natural Sciences Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering Bursa Technical University Bursa Türkiye
- Engineering and Natural Sciences Faculty, Department of Polymer Materials Engineering Bursa Technical University Bursa Türkiye
- ORCID
- Ilhan, Recep
- Venue
- Polymer Composites
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-09-16
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 4737-4759
- ISSN
- 0272-8397 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-0569
- OpenAlex
- W4414248019
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 1.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Polymer Composites (publishedVersion)
- Bursa Technical University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Keywords
- polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, cellulose nanocrystals, biodegradable nanocomposites, filament extrusion, fused deposition modeling, 3D printing, printability, toughness, thermal stability, mechanical properties, dimensional stability, melt flow index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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