Cited by 3,461Attachment and Relationship DynamicsEmotions and Moral BehaviorResilience and Mental Health

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Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping

Lazarus, Richard S., Folkman, Susan·1987·European Journal of Personality

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Abstract

In this article we examine the fundamental premises of our cognitive‐relational theory of emotion and coping and assess our progress in examining them through 10 years of programmatic empirical research. Our discussion involves the metatheoretical topics of transaction and relationship, process, and emotion as a system. The person‐environment relationship is mediated by two key processess: cognitive appraisal and coping. We evaluate the findings of our research on these processes, their dynamic interplay, their antecedents, and their short‐term and long‐term outcomes. In the final section we highlight major substantive and methodological issues that need to be addressed. These include issues surrounding the theory and measurement of appraisal, functional and dysfunctional coping, causal inference, microanalytic vs macroanalytic research strategies, objective vs subjective approaches and confounding, and the problem of method variance.

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Background
The impact of relocation stress on cognitively impaired and cognitively unimpaired long-term care residents
Hill, K., & Parmelee, P. A. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1660855 · Cited by 37
“The transactional model of stress and coping (Folkman & Greer, 2000; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987) provides one theory for why some older adults respond more positively to relocation than others.”
Background
Self-Efficacy, Perceived Preparedness, and Psychological Distress in Women Completing Primary Treatment for Breast Cancer
Jones, J. M., Cheng, T., Jackman, M., Rodin, G., Walton, T., & Catton, P. A. (2010) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347331003678352 · Cited by 37
“Self-efficacy can be a very powerful personal resource for coping with stress, serving to protect against physical symptoms and psychological distress (Bisschop, Kriegsman, Beekman, & Deeg, 2004; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Background
Spousal support and coping among married coworkers: Merging the transaction stress and Conservation of Resources models.
Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0020500 · Cited by 37
Cultural Influence on Coping Strategies of Filipino Immigrant Nurses
Connor, J. (2016) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079916630553 · Cited by 37
“Traditionally, coping strategies have been categorized as emotion- or problemfocused behaviors (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Background
A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping, attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning
de Guinea, A. O. (2016) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2016.03.003 · Cited by 37
“, they do not have the necessary resources), they will use escape coping (disengagement strategies) [29, 50].”
Background
Academic performance: A longitudinal study on the role of goal-directed rumination and psychological distress
Krys, S., Otte, K., & Knipfer, K. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1763141 · Cited by 37
Transitions in emerging adulthood and stress among young Australian women
Bell, S., & Lee, C. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/10705500802365482 · Cited by 37
“This article, however, adopts the transactional model of Lazarus and Folkman (1987), which argues that stress is a subjective experience arising when an individual experiences environmental demands (such as major life changes) that exceed perceived ability to cope.”
Background
Child Behavioral Dysregulation as a Mediator between Destructive Marital Conflict and Children’s Symptoms of Psychopathology
Warmuth, K. A., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1038-z · Cited by 37
Trait Reappraisal Predicts Affective Reactivity to Daily Positive and Negative Events
Günaydın, G., Selçuk, E., & Ong, A. D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01000 · Cited by 37
“Although a large body of work has investigated how individuals appraise stressors (e.g., Lazarus and Folkman, 1987) and use various strategies to cope with them including mindfulness exercises (e.g., Grossman et al., 2004), expressive writing (e.g., Pennebaker, 1997), and reappraisal tactics (e.g.,…”
Background
Disadvantaged youth report less negative emotion to minor stressors when with peers
Uink, B. N., Modecki, K. L., & Barber, B. L. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025415626516 · Cited by 37
Transforming stress in complex work environments
Walinga, J., & Rowe, W. (2013) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/17538351311312420 · Cited by 37
“Secondary appraisal (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987) holds important implications for the stress management process.”
Background
The Role of Coping Strategies in Post-Traumatic Growth among Syrian Refugees: A Structural Equation Model
Acar, B., Acar, İ. H., Alhiraki, O. A., Fahham, O., Erim, Y., & Acarturk, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168829 · Cited by 36
“[42,84] could explain the possible reasons for inconsistent findings among refugee studies.”
BackgroundResult
Ethnic-Racial Differences in Psychological Stress Related to Gay Lifestyle among Hiv-Positive Men
Siegel, K., & Epstein, J. A. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.1.303 · Cited by 36
“Research on psychological stress conducted by Lazarus and his colleagues (Lazarus, 1980, 1984; Lazarus & Cohen, 1977; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987) has focused attention on a stress-coping-adaptation paradigm that emphasizes the importance of cognitive appraisal processes in determining whether an…”
Background
Effects of education and support for surgical patients: The role of perceived control
Breemhaar, B., & van den Borne, H. W. (1991) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(91)90129-s · Cited by 36
Typologies of coping in young adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Shigeto, A., Laxman, D. J., Landy, J. F., & Scheier, L. M. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1874864 · Cited by 36
“Problem-focused coping, on the other hand, may be more effective at mitigating the stress caused by controllable stressors (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundResult
Ethics in studies on children and environmental health: Table 1
Merlo, D. F., Knudsen, L. E., Matusiewicz, K., Niebrój, L., & Vähäkangas, K. (2007) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2006.016212 · Cited by 36
Ways of coping as predictors of satisfaction with curriculum and academic success in medical school
Alimoğlu, M. K., Gürpınar, E., Mamaklı, S., & Aktekin, M. R. (2011) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00100.2010 · Cited by 36
“Specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of a person lead to stress (10).”
Background
Do spirituality, resilience and hope mediate outcomes among family caregivers after traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury? A structural equation modelling approach
Simpson, G. K., Anderson, M. I., Jones, K. F., Genders, M., & Gopinath, B. (2020) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-192945 · Cited by 36
“Furthermore, spiritual practices can also involve an active meaning-making process in which challenging situations are reframed as opportunities for growth (Jones et al., 2016;Smithetal.,2012),andthesetypesofappraisals cantheninﬂuenceanindividual’semotionalresponse (Lazarus&Folkman,1987).”
Internet addiction: Prevalence and relationship with academic burnout among undergraduates during widespread online learning
Zhu, K., Xie, X., Liu, Q., Meng, H., & Song, R. (2022) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.13060 · Cited by 36
Healthy ageing at work— Efficacy of group interventions on the mental health of nurses aged 45 and older: Results of a randomised, controlled trial
Maatouk, I., Müller, A., Angerer, P., Schmook, R., Nikendei, C., Herbst, K., Gantner, M., Herzog, W., & Gündel, H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191000 · Cited by 36
“[23, 24] Research has shown that employees can be taught skills reducing their stress levels and alleviating strain symptoms.”
Coming back together: a qualitative survey study of coping and support strategies used by people to cope with extended difficulties after the use of psychedelic drugs
Robinson, O. C., Evans, J., Luke, D. P., McAlpine, R. G., Sahely, A., Fisher, A. M., Sundeman, S., Argyri, E. K., Murphy-Beiner, A., Michelle, K., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1369715 · Cited by 36
Health benefits of positive reappraisal coping among people living with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review
Finkelstein‐Fox, L., Park, C. L., & Kalichman, S. C. (2019) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1641424 · Cited by 36
Leading Under Adversity: Interactive Effects of Acute Stressors and Upper-Level Supportive Leadership Climate on Lower-Level Supportive Leadership Climate
Sharma, P. N., & Pearsall, M. J. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.003 · Cited by 36
A study on the relationship of abusive supervision and fear based silence in India the mediating role of dimensions of emotional intelligence
Jain, A. K., Srivastava, S., & Cooper, C. L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01912-3 · Cited by 36
“Note: ***p < .001; AS = Abusive supervision; SEA = Self Emotional Appraisal; ROE= Regulation of Emotions, OEA=Others’ emotional appraisal; UOE=Use of emotions; Quit = Turnover Intention; SB=Fear Based Silence These results are consistent to cognitive appraisal theory of Lazarus and Folkman (1987).”
Result
The Association of Mindfulness and Racial Socialization Messages on Approach-Oriented Coping Strategies Among African Americans
Womack, V. Y., & Sloan, L. R. (2017) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934717696789 · Cited by 36
“Lazarus and Folkman (1987) Transaction Theory of Stress posits that in order for an event to be appraised as a stressor, it must be personally relevant and there must be a perceived mismatch between a situation’s demand and one’s resources to cope with it.”
Background
Gratitude as a protective factor against anxiety and depression among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of coping flexibility
Sun, P., Sun, Y., Jiang, H., Jia, R., & Li, Z. (2020) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12419 · Cited by 36
Work Autonomous and Controlled Motivation on Chinese Employees' Work Performance and Innovative Work Behaviour: The Moderating Role of Financial Stress
Ren, F., Zhang, Q., & Wei, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676063 · Cited by 37
Stress, burnout, and job satisfaction in 470 health professionals in 98 apheresis units in I taly: A SIdEM collaborative study
Tremolada, M., Schiavo, S., Tison, T., Sormano, E., Silvestro, G. D., Marson, P., & Pierelli, L. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Apheresis · doi:10.1002/jca.21379 · Cited by 36
“Journal of Clinical Apheresis DOI 10.1002/jca This questionnaire is based on Lazarus E. Folkman’s Coping Theory [17], with a personal evaluation of stress events as nonsignificant, stressful or positive.”
BackgroundInfluential
Frontline backlash: service employees’ deviance from digital processes
Christ‐Brendemühl, S., & Schaarschmidt, M. (2019) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-03-2019-0125 · Cited by 35
Risk factors for shivering during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. A prospective observational study
Wódarski, B., Chutkowski, R., Banasiewicz, J., Moorthi, K., Wójtowicz, S., Malec‐Milewska, M., & Iohom, G. (2019) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aas.13462 · Cited by 35
Implementation of a Stress Intervention with Latino Immigrants in a Non-traditional Migration City
Jacquez, F., Vaughn, L. M., & Suarez-Cano, G. (2018) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-018-0732-7 · Cited by 35
Exploring the stress-buffering effects of religiousness in relation to social and economic change: Evidence from Poland.
Lechner, C. M., Tomasik, M. J., Silbereisen, R. Κ., & Wasilewski, J. (2012) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0030738 · Cited by 35
“Stress research has long demonstrated that psychosocial resources can buffer the impact of stress on SWB (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987; Wheaton, 1985).”
Background
Factors associated with diet barriers in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes
Li, C., Leung, D. Y. P., Sit, J. W. H., Li, X., Wu, Y., Yang, M., Gao, C., & Rong, H. (2016) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s94275 · Cited by 35
“The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and results from the recent Diabetes Attitudes Wishes and Needs 2 study indicated that negative appraisal of diabetes consisted of barriers to adequate diet management.(18,19) Previous reviews supported that the empowerment level predicts the extent of an individual’s activ…”
Result

Authors: Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Lazarus, Richard S.
Venue: European Journal of Personality
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1987-09
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 141-169
ISSN: 0890-2070 (ISSN-L)
1099-0984
DOI: 10.1002/per.2410010304
OpenAlex: W2106232823
Semantic Scholar: 61c4bdaca0b53fc1a9736b946f6a3f5ddd1759b2
Cited by: 3,053
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 264 · 2025: 276 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 246 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 273 · 2020: 247 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 116 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 15.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: transactional theory, emotions, coping, cognitive appraisal, person-environment relationship, causal inference, confounding, method variance, emotion measurement

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Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping

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