Cited by 3,461Attachment and Relationship DynamicsEmotions and Moral BehaviorResilience and Mental Health

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Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping

Lazarus, Richard S., Folkman, Susan·1987·European Journal of Personality

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Abstract

In this article we examine the fundamental premises of our cognitive‐relational theory of emotion and coping and assess our progress in examining them through 10 years of programmatic empirical research. Our discussion involves the metatheoretical topics of transaction and relationship, process, and emotion as a system. The person‐environment relationship is mediated by two key processess: cognitive appraisal and coping. We evaluate the findings of our research on these processes, their dynamic interplay, their antecedents, and their short‐term and long‐term outcomes. In the final section we highlight major substantive and methodological issues that need to be addressed. These include issues surrounding the theory and measurement of appraisal, functional and dysfunctional coping, causal inference, microanalytic vs macroanalytic research strategies, objective vs subjective approaches and confounding, and the problem of method variance.

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The relationship between teacher stress and job satisfaction as moderated by coping
Woods, S., Sebastian, J. L., Herman, K. C., Huang, F. L., Reinke, W. M., & Thompson, A. M. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22857 · Cited by 78
A contextual model of self-regulation change mechanisms among individuals with addictive disorders
Roos, C. R., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.008 · Cited by 77
“Numerous theoretical models of self-regulation in the field of psychology have emphasized the importance of context (Aldao, 2013; Aldao et al., 2015; Bonanno & Burton, 2013; Cheng, Lau, & Chen, 2014; Gross, 2015; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987; Sheppes et al., 2014).”
Background
A Psychological Perspective on Security
Bar‐Tal, D., & Jacobson, D. (1998) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1998.tb00013.x · Cited by 77
A workplace incivility roadmap: Identifying theoretical speedbumps and alternative routes for future research.
Miner, K. N., Diaz, I., Wooderson, R. L., McDonald, J. N., Smittick, A. L., & Lomeli, L. C. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000093 · Cited by 77
Bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms 1 year after first delivery: prevalence and the effect of childbirth
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Cardiovascular stress-response adaptation: Conceptual basis, empirical findings, and implications for disease processes
Hughes, B. M., Lu, W. D., & Howard, S. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.003 · Cited by 76
The slow and the furious: Anger, stress and risky passing in simulated traffic congestion
Emo, A. K., Matthews, G., & Funke, G. J. (2016) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.05.002 · Cited by 76
Toward a validation of cyber-interventions for stress disorders based on stress inoculation training: a systematic review
Serino, S., Triberti, S., Villani, D., Cipresso, P., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2014) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-013-0237-6 · Cited by 75
“The first phase, named conceptualization, aims at making individual aware of the transactional nature of psychological stress (Lazarus and Folkman 1987) by giving general information about the main stress’ effects and symptoms that could appear in different stressful situations.”
Background
Fragebogen zur Messung der Arbeitsmotivation: “AVEM - Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster” von U. Schaarschmidt und A. Fischer (1996) 1(Frankfurt am Main: Swets Test Services, DM 267,50)
Sarges, W. (2000) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026//0932-4089.44.1.38 · Cited by 75
Stress During Pregnancy and Epigenetic Modifications to Offspring DNA
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“Eligible reports assessed stress occurring and measured during pregnancy and prior to birth, with the conceptualization of stress defined according to the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping.18,19 Therefore, reports quantifying stress Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of this…”
BackgroundMethod
A multi-factorial framework for understanding reckless driving—appraisal indicators and perceived environmental determinants
Ben‐Ari, O. T. –., Mikulincer, M., & Iram, A. (2004) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2004.10.001 · Cited by 75
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“Strain is the immediate adverse reaction or state experienced due to various stressors (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987; Tarafdar et al. , 2019a).”
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Measuring presence in video games: An investigation of the potential use of physiological measures as indicators of presence
Terkildsen, T. S., & Makransky, G. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.02.006 · Cited by 74
The moderating role of work pressure on the relationships between emotional demands and tension, exhaustion, and work engagement: an experience sampling study among nurses
Riedl, E. M., & Thomas, J. (2019) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1588251 · Cited by 74
“…and hindrance appraisals are associated with differential affective states such as hope or anxiety and depending on the outcome of the appraisal process, people choose specific strategies to deal with these situations, i.e. coping, which differ in their effectiveness (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Background
A developmental psychology perspective in Germany: co‐construction of transitions between family and education system by the child, parents and pedagogues
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“Since psychological reactions to stressors are contingent on how individuals perceive, evaluate, and react to threats and challenges [36], self-reported measures of stress, anxiety, arousal, and emotion are common in psychological research on stress and its consequences [18, 37–39].”
Background
Students who self-harm: Coping style, Rumination and Alexithymia
Borrill, J., Fox, P., Flynn, M., & Roger, D. (2009) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070903334607 · Cited by 73
“Nevertheless, the introduction of psychological interventions for students who self-harm may need to take into account that many students may not initially acknowledge their role in the transactional nature of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
AUTHOR'S RESPONSE: The Lazarus Manifesto for Positive Psychology and Psychology in General
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“Incidentally, my colleagues and I raised a similar issue about why many different coping processes are reported as having been used by participants in any single stressful encounter (see Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis, & Gruen, 1986; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Clothing Consumption During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From Mining Tweets
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“According to Lazarus and Folkman (1987), individual coping responses and actions associated with positive attitudes or emotional reactions last longer than those associated with negative attitudes.”
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Impacts of Stress on Workers’ Risk-Taking Behaviors: Cognitive Tunneling and Impaired Selective Attention
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The inventory of high-school students' recent life experiences: A decontaminated measure of adolescents' hassles
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“Psychological distress is expected to be low when there is a match between appraisals of control and coping and high when there is a mismatch between secondary appraisals and coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Background
Incorporating Physiology into Creativity Research and Practice: The Effects of Bodily Stress Responses on Creativity in Organizations
Akinola, M., Kapadia, C., Lu, J. G., & Mason, M. F. (2018) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2017.0094 · Cited by 72
“For example, if an individual is facing a problem that demands creativity, he or she will first determine whether the situation is likely to be beneficial or harmful, based on his or her stake in the situation at hand (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Background
Promoting or prohibiting: Understanding the influence of social media on international students’ acculturation process, coping strategies, and psychological consequences
Pang, H., & Wang, J. (2020) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2020.101454 · Cited by 72
Coping, stress, and negative childhood experiences: The link to psychopathology, self‐harm, and suicidal behavior
McLafferty, M., Armour, C., Bunting, B., Ennis, E., Lapsley, C. R., Murray, E. K., & O’Neill, S. M. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.301 · Cited by 72
Higher emotional distress in female partners of cancer patients: prevalence and patient–partner interdependencies in a 3‐year cohort
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“The concept of dyadic coping, on the basis of the transactional stress model by Lazarus and Folkman [16], highlights the relevance of individual and shared appraisals in this dyadic coping process [17].”
Background
Age Differences in Motivation and Stress at Work
Hertel, G., Thielgen, M. M., Rauschenbach, C., Grube, A., Roßnagel, C. S., & Krumm, S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35057-3_6 · Cited by 71
All at once? The effects of multitasking behavior on flow and subjective performance
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“Also, future studies should further corroborate the relationship between multitasking and flow: Based on the Transactional Stress Model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987), the Transactional Model of Stress and Flow (Peifer, 2012) includes external demands, external and internal resources, personality variables and further envi…”
BackgroundInfluential
The relationships between coping, occupational stress, and emotional intelligence in newly hired oncology nurses
Ebstein, A. M. M., Eller, L. S., Tan, K. S., Cherniss, C., Ruggiero, J. S., & Cimiotti, J. P. (2018) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4937 · Cited by 71

Authors: Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Lazarus, Richard S.
Venue: European Journal of Personality
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1987-09
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 141-169
ISSN: 0890-2070 (ISSN-L)
1099-0984
DOI: 10.1002/per.2410010304
OpenAlex: W2106232823
Semantic Scholar: 61c4bdaca0b53fc1a9736b946f6a3f5ddd1759b2
Cited by: 3,053
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 264 · 2025: 276 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 246 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 273 · 2020: 247 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 116 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 15.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: transactional theory, emotions, coping, cognitive appraisal, person-environment relationship, causal inference, confounding, method variance, emotion measurement

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Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping

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