The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping
Abstract
In this article we examine the fundamental premises of our cognitive‐relational theory of emotion and coping and assess our progress in examining them through 10 years of programmatic empirical research. Our discussion involves the metatheoretical topics of transaction and relationship, process, and emotion as a system. The person‐environment relationship is mediated by two key processess: cognitive appraisal and coping. We evaluate the findings of our research on these processes, their dynamic interplay, their antecedents, and their short‐term and long‐term outcomes. In the final section we highlight major substantive and methodological issues that need to be addressed. These include issues surrounding the theory and measurement of appraisal, functional and dysfunctional coping, causal inference, microanalytic vs macroanalytic research strategies, objective vs subjective approaches and confounding, and the problem of method variance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The transactional model of stress and coping (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987; Folkman and Moskowitz, 2004) indicates that the way any person adapts to this kind of stressor varies according to how they think about the stressor and the actions and behaviors they initiate to manage the demands of the situation; that is, the pain and challenges of living with endometriosis (Folkman and Moskowitz, 2004).”
From Self-management strategies to consider to combat endometriosis symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Lazarus and Folkman, 1987
In the citing paper
“Additionally, the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987) provides a framework for understanding individual differences in responses to coping responses to stress.”
From Content Moderator Mental Health and Associations with Coping Styles: Replication and Extension of Previous Studies (2025) · cites this paper as Lazarus & Folkman, 1987
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,038
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion
Weiner, B. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548 · Cited by 7,846
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136319 · Cited by 7,791
Psychological stress and the coping process
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,164
Self-citationAn Analysis of Coping in a Middle-Aged Community Sample
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136617 · Cited by 6,361
Self-citationPearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136676 · Cited by 6,289
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- DeLongis A., Folkman S., Lazarus R. S. (in press). ‘Hassles, health, and mood: A prospective study with repeated daily assessments’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
- Frese M., 1985, Goal‐directed Behavior: The Concept of Action in Psychology, xvii
- 10.1037/0003-066x.41.6.714 · DOI
- Janis I., 1977, Decision Making
- Kasl S. V., 1983, Stress Research, 79
- 10.1037/0022-3514.44.3.638 · DOI
- Laux L., 1976, Stress and Anxiety, 3, 171
- Lazarus R. S., 1983, The Denial of Stress, 1
- Lazarus R. S., 1974, Coping and Adaptation, 249
- 10.1037/0003-066x.41.6.715 · DOI
- 10.1037/0003-066x.32.12.1046 · DOI
- Moos R. H., 1982, Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects
- Scherer K. R., 1984, Approaches to Emotion, 293
- Tennen H., 1985, Test Critiques, 3, 686
- Thomae H., 1985, Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 6, 129
- Wrubel J., 1981, Social Competence, 61
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. P. (2002) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3702_4 · Cited by 3,931
“Reciprocal causation in academic emotions may take similar forms as in other kinds of human affect (e.g., Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundProgress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.819 · Cited by 3,272
Self-citationCoping theory and research: past, present, and future
Lazarus, R. S. (1993) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199305000-00002 · Cited by 3,253
Self-citationFrom Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks
Lazarus, R. S. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245 · Cited by 1,664
“The Berkeley Stress and Coping Project, which got under way in the late 1970s and continued to the late 1980s (see Lazarus & Folkman 1987 for a review), addressed the contextual side of coping in a number of field studies.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognition and motivation in emotion.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.4.352 · Cited by 2,096
Self-citationHow do adolescents see their future? A review of the development of future orientation and planning
Nurmi, J. (1991) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(91)90002-6 · Cited by 1,376
Teacher Wellbeing: The Importance of Teacher–Student Relationships
Spilt, J. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., & Thijs, J. T. (2011) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9170-y · Cited by 1,368
“To examine teachers ’ daily emotional experiences, it is important to also adopt appropriate micro-analytic methods to study the emotional lives of teachers in the classroom (Chang 2009; Lazarus and Folkman 1987).”
InfluentialAn appraisal perspective of teacher burnout: Examining the emotional work of teachers
Chang, M.-L. (2009) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-009-9106-y · Cited by 1,349
Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies.
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1994) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.1.50 · Cited by 982
Theory-Based Stress Measurement
Lazarus, R. S. (1990) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0101_1 · Cited by 930
Self-citationSocial cognition models and health behaviour: A structured review
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440008400299 · Cited by 797
“In the contemplation stage, expectancy-value considerations of salient outcomes may well be the most important predictors of successful progression.”
BackgroundLabrague, L. J. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13336 · Cited by 704
“Coping strategies— that is, mechanisms that an individual can employ to manage the impacts of potential threats— have been long considered an important personal resource to effectively reduce the impact of stress and its accompanying adverse consequences (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundCoping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: A meta-analytic review.
Cheng, C., Lau, H.-P. B., & Chan, M.-P. S. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037913 · Cited by 664
“In the context of coping, flexibility in coping promotes psychological adjustment to stressful life changes.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCauses and consequences of emotions on consumer behaviour
Watson, L. M., & Spence, M. T. (2007) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560710737570 · Cited by 641
Social Support and Health: A Theoretical and Empirical Overview
Schwarzer, R., & Leppin, A. (1991) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407591081005 · Cited by 595
Achievement Emotions: A Control‐Value Approach
Pekrun, R. H., & Stephens, E. J. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00259.x · Cited by 535
Darvishmotevali, M., & Ali, F. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102462 · Cited by 534
Knowledge and Appraisal in the Cognition—Emotion Relationship
Lazarus, R. S., & Smith, C. A. (1988) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938808412701 · Cited by 531
Self-citationKlusmann, U., Kunter, M., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., & Baumert, J. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.702 · Cited by 508
Chang, M. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9335-0 · Cited by 499
“…mediating factors Coping involves our thoughts and actions in managing the resources to moderate the emotional demands caused by emotional arousal (Lazarus and Folkman 1984, 1987) and it generally takes one of two forms: emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping (Folkman and Lazarus 1988).”
BackgroundWork in the family and employing organization.
Zedeck, S., & Mosier, K. L. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.45.2.240 · Cited by 495
Emotional intelligence training and its implications for stress, health and performance
Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2003) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.979 · Cited by 475
Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach
Cheng, C. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.814 · Cited by 463
Teachers’ Meanings Regarding Educational Practice
den Berg, R. V. (2002) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543072004577 · Cited by 456
“Along these lines, Lazarus and Folkman (1987) emphasize the importance of coping strategies.”
BackgroundRapp, A. A., Baker, T. L., Bachrach, D. G., Ogilvie, J. L., & Beitelspacher, L. S. (2015) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2014.12.007 · Cited by 442
Coping with Gendered Racial Microaggressions among Black Women College Students
Lewis, J. A., Mendenhall, R. M., Harwood, S. A., & Huntt, M. B. (2012) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-012-9219-0 · Cited by 430
“According to Lazarus and Folkman (1987), the secondary appraisal process consists of evaluating whether certain actions could be taken to improve the potentially harmful and stressful situation (e.g., gendered racial microaggressions) and which coping strategies might be effective in dealing with…”
BackgroundInfluentialTrougakos, J. P., Chawla, N., & McCarthy, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000739 · Cited by 420
“The transactional model of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987) also provides insight into factors that may mitigate the effects of CovH anxiety.”
MethodA literature review on stress and coping strategies in nursing students
Labrague, L. J., McEnroe–Petitte, D. M., Gloe, D. S., Thomas, L., Papathanasiou, I. V., & Tsaras, K. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2016.1244721 · Cited by 413
“…Problem Experiences (ACOPE) (Seyedfatemi et al., 2007), Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (COPE) (Bam et al., 2015; Yamashita et al., 2012), Ways of Coping Instrument (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987), Modified Ways of Coping Scale (Carver, 1997) and the Deakin Coping Scale (Moore, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLeppin, A. L., Bora, P. R., Tilburt, J. C., Gionfriddo, M. R., Zeballos-Palacios, C., Dulohery, M. M., Sood, A., Erwin, P. J., Brito, J. P., Boehmer, K. R., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111420 · Cited by 405
“According to Lazarus’ model, then, the value of personal resilience lies in its potential as an internal resource for mitigating the negative effects of stress and for maintaining mental health through adversity [4].”
BackgroundYin, S., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132608 · Cited by 404
Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals
Kunzler, A. M., Helmreich, I., Chmitorz, A., König, J., Binder, H., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012527.pub2 · Cited by 390
Reinecke, L., Aufenanger, S., Beutel, M. E., Dreier, M., Quiring, O., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2017) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2015.1121832 · Cited by 387
“According to the transactional theory of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987), stress reactions are the result of the interaction of person variables and environmental variables.”
BackgroundKristensen, T. S. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90122-s · Cited by 382
Inzlicht, M., & Kang, S. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018951 · Cited by 380
“At the most basic level, stereotype threat is a source of stress (Allison, 1998; Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999; Pascoe & Richman, 2009) and could be viewed within the broader framework of stress and coping models (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundFresé, M., & Zapf, D. (1999) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199909)20:5 · Cited by 104
Mood Management in the Context of Selective Exposure Theory
Zillmann, D. (2000) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2000.11678971 · Cited by 332
“These proposals are largely consistent with Lazarus's (1966; see also Lazarus & Folkman, 1987) conception of emotional coping, which distinguishes between immediate coping efforts directed at modifying the emotional state proper and potentially prolonged, elaborative efforts directed at controlling…”
Kohn, P. M., Lafreniere, K. D., & Gurevich, M. (1990) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844738 · Cited by 328
“In this way, we ensured that the final form of the ICSRLE would retain an indirect relationship to the stress-appraisal process which Lazarus and his associates maintain is a critical determinant of the adverse consequences of stress (e.g., De Longis et al., 1982; Folkman, 1984; Kanner et al., 1981; Lazarus et al., 19…”
BackgroundDemands, control, and support: A meta-analytic review of work characteristics interrelationships.
Luchman, J. N., & González‐Morales, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030541 · Cited by 325
Punamäki, R., Qouta, S., & Sarraj, E. E. (2001) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250042000294 · Cited by 320
“The con icting results concur with the view that the goodness-of- t between the type of traumatic stress and coping strategies determines their effectiveness, rather than the employment of a speci c kind of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundResultTraumatic Childhood Events and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kerns, C. M., Newschaffer, C. J., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2392-y · Cited by 312
“Per this definition, the same event may be considered a trauma for one person, but not another depending upon individual appraisals and reactions to the event [akin to Lazarus and Folkman’s (1987) transactional”
BackgroundCan AI really help? The double-edged sword effect of AI assistant on employees’ innovation behavior
Yin, M., Jiang, S., & Niu, X. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107987 · Cited by 314
Using technology in higher education: The influence of gender roles on technology self-efficacy
Huffman, A. H., Whetten, J., & Huffman, W. H. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.012 · Cited by 309
“Lazarus and Folkman (1987) proposed that emotions can be divided into two parts.”
BackgroundRelating early childhood teachers’ working conditions and well-being to their turnover intentions
Grant, A. A., Jeon, L., & Buettner, C. K. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1543856 · Cited by 311
“A person using reappraisal reevaluates the circumstances of a situation and alters their thinking (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987), while someone using suppression conceals their response to a situation, altering their outer behavior but not their inner thinking.”
BackgroundInfluentialMcCarthy, B., Trace, A., O’Donovan, M., Brady-Nevin, C., Murphy, M., O’Shea, M., & O’Regan, P. (2017) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2017.11.029 · Cited by 305
“The third definition, implies that stress is a dynamic process, incorporating both internal and external factors and the interactions between them (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984, 1987).”
Bowling, N. A., & Eschleman, K. J. (2010) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017326 · Cited by 302
Yu, L., Cao, X., Liu, Z., & Wang, J. (2018) · Information Technology & People · doi:10.1108/itp-10-2016-0237 · Cited by 297
Dimensions of appraisal and physiological response in emotion.
Smith, C. A. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.3.339 · Cited by 295
How customers cope with service failure? A study of brand reputation and customer satisfaction
Sengupta, A. S., Balaji, M. S., & Krishnan, B. (2014) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.08.005 · Cited by 295
“Consumers, who engage in rational thinking, view the service failure from a realistic perspective and focus on the causes by systematically examining the problem (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundStress, coping and burn-out in nursing students
Gibbons, C. (2010) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.02.015 · Cited by 295
“Lazarus and Folkman (1987) identified two types of coping – problem and emotion based.”
BackgroundResultThe Wisdom to Know the Difference
Haines, S. J., Gleeson, J., Kuppens, P., Hollenstein, T., Ciarrochi, J., Labuschagne, I., Grace, C., & Koval, P. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616669086 · Cited by 291
Nurmi, J. (1992) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502549201500404 · Cited by 276
Ahola, K., Toppinen‐Tanner, S., & Seppänen, J. (2017) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2017.02.001 · Cited by 276
Coping Strategies of Healthcare Professionals with Burnout Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Maresca, G., Corallo, F., Catanese, G., Formica, C., & Buono, V. L. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58020327 · Cited by 275
“Lazarus and Folkman (1987) classified coping modes as problem-based and emotion-based [9].”
BackgroundStress, coping and satisfaction in nursing students
Gibbons, C., Dempster, M., & Moutray, M. (2010) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05495.x · Cited by 259
“There is considerable evidence here and more broadly across the literature on nurses and nursing students that avoidance coping is ineffective coping (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987; Hamill, 1995: Chang et al .”
BackgroundCrane, M. F., Searle, B. J., Kangas, M., & Nwiran, Y. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1506640 · Cited by 259
“Coping resources may be limited or expanded by the availability of practical (e.g., fiscal, time), cognitive (e.g., intellectual functioning), motivational (e.g., autonomous motivation in relation to the task) and social resources (e.g., social support).”
BackgroundInfluentialReappraisal Reconsidered: A Closer Look at the Costs of an Acclaimed Emotion-Regulation Strategy
Ford, B. Q., & Troy, A. S. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419827526 · Cited by 256
“…coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology (including, most directly, work on flexibility and context sensitivity), reappraisal may also carry important costs, depending on how and when it is used (e.g., Bonanno & Burton, 2013; Gross, 2015; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Thomas, C. L., Cassady, J. C., & Heller, M. L. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.03.001 · Cited by 255
“…appraisals of stressors are influenced by both personal characteristics (e.g., personality characteristics, emotional intelligence, personal history) and environmental factors (e.g., academic environment, social pressures, challenging tasks; Lazarus, 1993a, 1993b; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987).”
BackgroundTeachers: A Critical But Overlooked Component of Bullying Prevention and Intervention
Yoon, J., & Bauman, S. A. (2014) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405841.2014.947226 · Cited by 245
“We believe that a modification of the transactional theory of coping (Hunter & Boyle, 2004; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987) also provides a useful psychological framework for understanding teacher responses to bullying incidents and identifying various factors that may influence teacher responses.”
MethodNurmi, J. (1993) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502549301600205 · Cited by 243
Self-Complexity and Well-Being: A Review and Research Synthesis
Rafaeli, E., & Steinberg, J. A. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0601_2 · Cited by 235
“The theoretical basis for this decision was the definition of stress as a demand for resource allocation (e.g., Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundThe role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology
Lincoln, T. M., Schulze, L., & Renneberg, B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00040-4 · Cited by 234
Dyadic coping within couples dealing with breast cancer: A longitudinal, population-based study.
Rottmann, N., Hansen, D. G., Larsen, P. V., Nicolaisen, A., Flyger, H., Johansen, C., & Hagedoorn, M. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000218 · Cited by 231
Kristensen, S. M., Larsen, T. B., Urke, H. B., & Danielsen, A. G. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01770-1 · Cited by 230
“The transactional relationship between stress, coping, and emotions is a complex system, assumed to be recursive (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundBreitsohl, J., & Garrod, B. (2015) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.004 · Cited by 229
“Avoidance strategies are often chosen when a stressful situation appears to be overwhelming (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987) or is deemed unchangeable (Folkman et al., 1986).”
BackgroundZaidman‐Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Vaillancourt, T., Smith, I. M., Szatmári, P., Bryson, S. E., Fombonne, E. J., Volden, J., Waddell, C., et al. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316633033 · Cited by 227
“The second, disengaged or avoidant coping, refers to the extent to which individuals attempt to avoid problems and affiliated emotions (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundPsychological interventions for resilience enhancement in adults
Helmreich, I., Kunzler, A., Chmitorz, A., König, J., Binder, H., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012527 · Cited by 223
The effect of physical activity on sleep quality, well-being, and affect in academic stress periods
Wunsch, K., Kasten, N., & Fuchs, R. (2017) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s132078 · Cited by 216
“Owing to personality factors of participants or organizational or cultural conditions, it may be that students have the same amount of stress but cope differently and therefore differ in their perceived amount of stress, as proposed in the transactional theory.(64) Therefore, future studies should examine time-invaria…”
Teachers’ Responses to Bullying Incidents: Effects of Teacher Characteristics and Contexts
Yoon, J., Sulkowski, M. L., & Bauman, S. A. (2014) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2014.963592 · Cited by 215
“Factors That May Influence Teachers’ Responses The current study utilized a modification of the transactional theory of coping (Hunter & Boyle, 2004; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987) as a theoretical framework to understand teacher responses to bullying incidents.”
MethodPsychological resilience in disadvantaged youth: A critical overview
Harvey, J., & Delfabbro, P. (2004) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060410001660281 · Cited by 214
“According to Luthar, resilience relates predominantly to behaviour rather then merely the alleviation of emotional distress. In his view, resilience involves ‘‘behaviourally manifested success at negotiating salient developmental tasks, in spite of major stressors and possible underlying emotional distress’’ (Luthar,…”
Zheng, W., Kark, R., & Meister, A. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.04.001 · Cited by 214
Hostile climate, abusive supervision, and employee coping: Does conscientiousness matter?
Mawritz, M. B., Dust, S. B., & Resick, C. J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035863 · Cited by 208
“Second, the individual determines if he or she needs to take action to eliminate the stressor (problem-based coping) or to minimize the negative emotional impact of the stressor (emotion-based coping; Lazarus, 1995; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987).”
BackgroundOh, J. K., & Farh, C. I. C. (2015) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0347 · Cited by 208
Braun, S. S., Roeser, R. W., Mashburn, A. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0968-2 · Cited by 212
Building resilience through exposure to stressors: The effects of challenges versus hindrances.
Crane, M. F., & Searle, B. J. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0040064 · Cited by 207
Liu, D., Chen, Y., & Li, N. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000866 · Cited by 206
Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being
Eden, A. L., Johnson, B. K., Reinecke, L., & Grady, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577639 · Cited by 204
Etiology and treatment of post-cumulative traumatic stress disorders in different cultures.
Kira, I. A. (2010) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765610365914 · Cited by 203
A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study of Perinatal Risk and Resilience During COVID-19
Farewell, C. V., Jewell, J. S., Walls, J., & Leiferman, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150132720944074 · Cited by 203
The Role of Coping in the Emotions and How Coping Changes over the Life Course
Lazarus, R. S. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012464995-8/50017-0 · Cited by 202
Self-citationGender roles and traits in stress and health
Mayor, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00779 · Cited by 201
“Cognitive appraisals mediate the relationship between stressors and outcomes such as wellbeing and health (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundCoyne, I. J., Farley, S., Axtell, C. M., Sprigg, C. A., Best, L., & Kwok, O. (2016) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2015.1116454 · Cited by 201
Periodization Theory: Confronting an Inconvenient Truth
Kiely, J. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0823-y · Cited by 201
“More psychologically oriented researchers, however, argued the first mediator was psycho-emotional in genesis, in essence suggesting that events stimulate a stress response only when appraised as ‘threatening’ [18, 21, 22].”
BackgroundRafique, M. A., Hou, Y., Chudhery, M. A. Z., Waheed, M., Zia, T., & Chan, F. (2022) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2022.100214 · Cited by 201
“According to the transaction theory of stress, stressful experiences and work outcomes depend on coping strategies such as KNS (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundPark, E. R., Traeger, L., Vranceanu, A.-M., Scult, M., Lerner, J. A., Benson, H., Denninger, J., & Fricchione, G. L. (2013) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2012.09.001 · Cited by 200
“This component was shaped by the transactional model of stress and coping by Lazarus and Folkman, which suggests that the extent to which an individual experiences a situation as stressful depends on the interplay between the situation and the individual’s appraisal of the situation.(47) Effective coping, in turn, dep…”
Relations of meaning in life and sense of coherence to distress in cancer patients: a meta‐analysis
Winger, J. G., Adams, R. N., & Mosher, C. E. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3798 · Cited by 200
Cognitive Resilience to Psychological Stress in Military Personnel
Flood, A. P., & Keegan, R. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.809003 · Cited by 199
Leppin, A. L., Montori, V. M., & Gionfriddo, M. R. (2015) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare3010050 · Cited by 196
“Depending on an individual’s unique resilience—a component of personal capacity—the adequacy of total capacity may be judged and experienced in unpredictable ways [12].”
BackgroundAnxiety in the Schools: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions for Academic Anxieties
Cassady, J. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12737-3_2 · Cited by 195
Canetto, S. S., & Chen, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.042 · Cited by 194
Völlink, T., Bolman, C. A. W., Dehue, F., & Jacobs, N. C. L. (2013) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2142 · Cited by 193
“As a rule, individuals that employ problem-focused coping strategies adapt better to stressful situations than individuals that use passive emotion-focused coping strategies (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
InfluentialDimoff, J. K., & Kelloway, E. K. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000126 · Cited by 192
Stressors, coping, and well-being among sports coaches: A systematic review
Norris, L. A., Didymus, F. F., & Kaiseler, M. (2017) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.08.005 · Cited by 190
Stress and coping strategies among nursing students: an international study
Labrague, L. J., McEnroe–Petitte, D. M., Papathanasiou, I. V., Edet, O. B., Tsaras, K., Leocadio, M. C., Colet, P. C., Kleisiaris, C. F., Fradelos, Ε. C., Rosales, R. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1417552 · Cited by 190
“To effectively deal with stress and its accompanying stressors, the use of positive coping mechanisms should be implied (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe process of coping with cyberbullying: A systematic review
Raskauskas, J., & Huynh, A. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.019 · Cited by 190
Beighton, C., & Wills, J. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629516656073 · Cited by 189
“The findings suggest that in this study, the transactional stress and coping model (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987) would be a suitable theoretical framework to underpin the parents positivity.”
BackgroundInfluentialGender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms
Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Heck, G. L. V. (1990) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700013301 · Cited by 188
Contagious Justice: Exploring The Social Construction of Justice in Organizations
Degoey, P. (2000) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(00)22003-0 · Cited by 187
Taylor, C., Harrison, J., Haimovitz, K., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Schonert-Reichl, K., & Roeser, R. W. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0425-4 · Cited by 186
The Survey of Recent Life Experiences: A decontaminated hassles scale for adults
Kohn, P. M., & MacDonald, J. E. (1992) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00848327 · Cited by 185
“Theoretically, Lazarus and his co-workers have emphasized the importance of the cognitive appraisal of stressfulness in mediating the impact of hassles on negative well-being (De Longis et al., 1982; Folkman, 1984; Kanner et al., 1981; Lazarus, 1984; Lazarus et al., 1985; Lazarus and Folkman, 1987 ).”
BackgroundFaries, M. D. (2016) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827616638017 · Cited by 186
Metadata
- Authors
- Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lazarus, Richard S.
- Venue
- European Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1987-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 141-169
- ISSN
- 0890-2070 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0984
- OpenAlex
- W2106232823
- Semantic Scholar
- 61c4bdaca0b53fc1a9736b946f6a3f5ddd1759b2
- Cited by
- 3,053
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 264 · 2025: 276 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 246 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 273 · 2020: 247 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 116 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 15.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- transactional theory, emotions, coping, cognitive appraisal, person-environment relationship, causal inference, confounding, method variance, emotion measurement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
