Cited by 3,461Attachment and Relationship DynamicsEmotions and Moral BehaviorResilience and Mental Health

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Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping

Lazarus, Richard S., Folkman, Susan·1987·European Journal of Personality

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Abstract

In this article we examine the fundamental premises of our cognitive‐relational theory of emotion and coping and assess our progress in examining them through 10 years of programmatic empirical research. Our discussion involves the metatheoretical topics of transaction and relationship, process, and emotion as a system. The person‐environment relationship is mediated by two key processess: cognitive appraisal and coping. We evaluate the findings of our research on these processes, their dynamic interplay, their antecedents, and their short‐term and long‐term outcomes. In the final section we highlight major substantive and methodological issues that need to be addressed. These include issues surrounding the theory and measurement of appraisal, functional and dysfunctional coping, causal inference, microanalytic vs macroanalytic research strategies, objective vs subjective approaches and confounding, and the problem of method variance.

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Koçak, Z., & Çağatay, S. E. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05953-2 · Cited by 31
“The current study Lazarus and Folkman (1987) stress and coping theory examines how individuals cope with stress and the cop - ing strategies they use.”
The Mediating Role of Mental Adjustment in the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Hematological Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Li, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, R., Yao, K., & Liu, Z. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142913 · Cited by 30
“According to the transactional model [20, 21], the process of dealing with stress consists of independent, mediating and outcome variables.”
Background
Pilot Testing the Feasibility of a Game Intervention Aimed at Improving Help Seeking and Coping Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Coulter, R. W. S., Sang, J. M., Louth-Marquez, W., Henderson, E. R., Espelage, D. L., Hunter, S. C., DeLucas, M., Abebe, K. Z., Miller, E. P., Morrill, B. A., et al. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/12164 · Cited by 30
“With bullying, youth who blame themselves, perceive little control, and view the situation primarily as a threat as opposed to a challenge are likely to engage in nonproductive coping [84-87].”
Salivary Studies of the Social Neuroscience of Human–Animal Interaction
Pendry, P., & Vandagriff, J. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35784-9_23 · Cited by 30
Determinants of Experience of Discrimination in Minorities in Germany
Salentin, K. (2010) · doi:10.4119/ijcv-2757 · Cited by 30
Coming to terms with the shift in one's capabilities: a study of the adaptive process in persons with poliomyelitis sequelae
Thorén‐Jönsson, A. (2001) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280010006151 · Cited by 30
Regulatory Focus and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Coping Styles and the Moderating Role of Gender
Li, R., Liu, H., Yao, M., & Chen, Y. (2019) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2019.1601066 · Cited by 30
“Coping styles, which refer to individuals’ constantly cognitive and behavioral efforts to cope with various kinds of demand (Folkman et al., 1986; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987), may build a bridge between regulatory focus and well-being.”
Background
Perceptions of Stress: Patient and Caregiver Experiences With Stressors During Hospitalization
Abuatiq, A. A., Brown, R., Wolles, B., & Randall, R. (2020) · Clinical journal of oncology nursing · doi:10.1188/20.cjon.51-57 · Cited by 30
Validating a Self-Report Measure of Student Athletes’ Perceived Stress Reactivity: Associations With Heart-Rate Variability and Stress Appraisals
Britton, D. M., Kavanagh, E. J., & Polman, R. C. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01083 · Cited by 30
The Paths to Negative and Positive Experiences of Informal Caregiving in Severe Mental Illness: A Study of Explanatory Models
Campos, L., Cardoso, C. M., & Teixeira, J. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193530 · Cited by 30
“Specific to psychopathology, it is important to understand whether this variable is predominantly a mediator or a result of individual experience, since the stress–appraisal–coping model suggested that there is a reversibility of antecedents, mediators, and outcomes, and at different times in the flow of events, “an a…”
Background
The Moderating Role of Coping Style on Chronic Stress Exposure and Cardiovascular Reactivity Among African American Emerging Adults
Cavanagh, L., & Obasi, E. M. (2020) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01141-3 · Cited by 30
Cognitive appraisal, Coping, Stress and Fear Contracting Covid-19 in Working People in Pakistan
Ali, A., Khan, A. A., Abbas, S., Khan, A. S., & Ullah, E. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00433-z · Cited by 30
“Coping responses lie under two categories, i.e., Emotion-focused coping and Problem-focused coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundMethod
Benevolence – Associations With Stress, Mental Health, and Self-Compassion at the Workplace
Andersson, C., Stenfors, C. U. D., Lilliengren, P., Einhorn, S., & Osika, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568625 · Cited by 30
Coping, confidence, and change within the academy: a longitudinal look at police recruits
McCarty, W. P., & Lawrence, D. S. (2014) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2014.958486 · Cited by 30
“In essence, the coping process evolves as the person–environment relationship progresses during a stressful encounter or series of encounters (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987, p. 154).”
Background
Chronic stress, behavioral tendencies, and determinants of health behaviors in nurses: a mixed-methods approach
Heuel, L., Lübstorf, S., Otto, A.-K., & Wollesen, B. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12993-5 · Cited by 30
“This finding is in line with Lazarus’ [10] transactional theory of stress, which constitutes that insufficient personal resources will evoke stress perceptions.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cognitive flexibility improves in cognitive behavioral therapy for irritable bowel syndrome but not nonspecific education/support
Lackner, J. M., Gudleski, G. D., Radziwon, C. D., Krasner, S. S., Firth, R. S., Naliboff, B. D., Vargovich, A. M., Borden, A. B., & Mayer, E. A. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104033 · Cited by 29
Frailty in aging and its influence on perceived stress exposure and stress-related symptoms: evidence from the Swiss Vivre/Leben/Vivere study
Desrichard, O., Vallet, F., Agrigoroaei, S., Fagot, D., & Spini, D. (2018) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-017-0451-2 · Cited by 29
“One such perspective is provided by the transactional model of stress and coping (Lazarus and Folkman 1984, 1987), which builds on classic biological approaches (Cannon 1929; Selye 1956) by integrating the notion of stressor appraisal.”
Background
The effect of episodic anxiety on anin vitrofertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment outcome: a pilot study
Eugster, A., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., van Heck, G. L., & Merkus, J. M. W. M. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820410001737441 · Cited by 29
Examining academic burnout: profiles and coping patterns among Estonian middle school students
Vinter, K. (2019) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2019.1702510 · Cited by 29
Patient-Centered Education: Applying Learner-Centered Concepts to Asthma Education
Smith, S. M. S., Mitchell, C., & Bowler, S. (2007) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770900701645256 · Cited by 29
“Some of these theories include Social Cognitive Theory (28, 29), Theory of Reasoned Action (30, 31), Locus of Control (32) and Social Learning Theory (33), Coping Theory (34), and the Health Belief Model (35–37).”
Background
Staff resilience and coping behavior as protective factors for mental health among construction tradesmen
Nwaogu, J. M., Chan, A. P. C., & Tetteh, M. O. (2021) · Journal of Engineering Design and Technology · doi:10.1108/jedt-11-2020-0464 · Cited by 29
Workplace intrusions and employee strain: the interactive effects of extraversion and emotional stability
Rogers, A. P., & Barber, L. K. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1596671 · Cited by 29
“Future research should include objective intrusions in their investigations, although it is likely that intrusion perceptions matter just as much (if not more) in predicting employee strain (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Background
Stress Spillover and Crossover in Couple Relationships: Integrating Religious Beliefs and Prayer
Cooper, A. N., May, R. W., & Fincham, F. D. (2019) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12330 · Cited by 29
“In their theory, Lazarus and Folkman (1987) viewed stress, coping, and adaptation as a complex iterative process.”
BackgroundInfluential
The divergent effects of organizational identification on salesperson and customer outcomes in a friend-selling context
Beeler, L. L., Chaker, N. N., Gala, P., & Zablah, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.1080/08853134.2019.1659741 · Cited by 29
“Given the inherent tension that exists between simultaneously being a friend and a salesperson, we leverage transactional theories of stress (Lazarus and Folkman 1987) to examine the impact of OI on salesperson outcomes (i.e., sales performance and turnover intentions) and customer responses (i.e.,…”
Background
Excessive Use of WeChat at Work Promotes Creativity: The Role of Knowledge Sharing, Psychological Strain
Zhang, H., Wang, M., Li, M., & Chen, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.571338 · Cited by 29
“The transactional theory of stress and coping states that stress processes cover stressors and strain; stressors are stimuli, whereas strain is individuals’ psychological outcomes to stressors (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987).”
Background
Cyberbullying: Definitions and Facts from a Psychosocial Perspective
Bernal, A. O., Jiménez, S. Y., Rubio, E. L., & Moral, M. D. L. V. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25552-1_1 · Cited by 29
Evaluation of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for life and a cognitive behavioural therapy stress-management workshop to improve healthcare staff stress: study protocol for two randomised controlled trials
Strauss, C., Gu, J., Pitman, N., Chapman, C., Kuyken, W., & Whittington, A. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2547-1 · Cited by 29
“logical theory of stress [25, 26] provide one solution.”
Background
The consequences of self- and other-focused emotional intelligence: Not all sunshine and roses.
Pekaar, K. A., Bakker, A. B., Born, M. P., & van der Linden, D. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000134 · Cited by 29
Children’s transitions to school: ‘so what about the parents’? or ‘so, what about the parents’?
Webb, G., Knight, B. A., & Busch, G. (2017) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2017.1301808 · Cited by 29
“This approach is underpinned and supported by a number of theoretical frames including theories on stress (Lazarus and Folkman 1987), normative critical life events (Filipp 1995) and lifespan perspectives (Stein and Baltes 1975).”
The well-being and work-related stress of senior school leaders in Wales and Northern Ireland during COVID-19 “educational leadership crisis”: A cross-sectional descriptive study
Marchant, E., Dowd, J., Bray, L., Rowlands, G., Miles, N., Crick, T., James, M., Dadaczynski, K., & Okan, O. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291278 · Cited by 29
“This relates to the transactional stress model, which explains individuals’ cognitive and behavioural responses as coping mechanisms to manage internal or external perceived stressors [72].”
‘Anxiety, frustration and understanding’. Swedish personal social service workers’ cognitive appraisals of encounters with violent clients
Munobwa, J. S., Ahmadi, F., & Öberg, P. (2021) · Nordic Social Work Research · doi:10.1080/2156857x.2021.1911836 · Cited by 29
“Our findings support the theoretical position of Lazarus and Folkman (1984, 1987) that an external stimulus e.g. a punch from a client is not adequate on its own to threaten a person’s psychological wellbeing.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Stress in the cybersecurity profession: a systematic review of related literature and opportunities for future research
Singh, T., Johnston, A. C., D’Arcy, J., & Harms, P. D. (2023) · Organizational Cybersecurity Journal Practice Process and People · doi:10.1108/ocj-06-2022-0012 · Cited by 29
Internal branding and technostress among employees - the mediation role of employee wellbeing and moderating effects of digital internal communication
Raj, A. B., & Goute, A. K. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104943 · Cited by 29
Optimizing expectations and distraction leads to lower cortisol levels after acute stress
Salzmann, S., Euteneuer, F., Strahler, J., Laferton, J. A. C., Nater, U. M., & Rief, W. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.011 · Cited by 28
“Distraction is considered a standard coping style used during or after stressful situations (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987) and is an especially familiar coping strategy to lowering pain intensity during acute pain (Kohl et al., 2013).”
Background

Authors: Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Lazarus, Richard S.
Venue: European Journal of Personality
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1987-09
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 141-169
ISSN: 0890-2070 (ISSN-L)
1099-0984
DOI: 10.1002/per.2410010304
OpenAlex: W2106232823
Semantic Scholar: 61c4bdaca0b53fc1a9736b946f6a3f5ddd1759b2
Cited by: 3,053
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 264 · 2025: 276 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 246 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 273 · 2020: 247 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 116 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 15.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: transactional theory, emotions, coping, cognitive appraisal, person-environment relationship, causal inference, confounding, method variance, emotion measurement

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Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping

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