Cited by 3,461Attachment and Relationship DynamicsEmotions and Moral BehaviorResilience and Mental Health

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Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping

Lazarus, Richard S., Folkman, Susan·1987·European Journal of Personality

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Abstract

In this article we examine the fundamental premises of our cognitive‐relational theory of emotion and coping and assess our progress in examining them through 10 years of programmatic empirical research. Our discussion involves the metatheoretical topics of transaction and relationship, process, and emotion as a system. The person‐environment relationship is mediated by two key processess: cognitive appraisal and coping. We evaluate the findings of our research on these processes, their dynamic interplay, their antecedents, and their short‐term and long‐term outcomes. In the final section we highlight major substantive and methodological issues that need to be addressed. These include issues surrounding the theory and measurement of appraisal, functional and dysfunctional coping, causal inference, microanalytic vs macroanalytic research strategies, objective vs subjective approaches and confounding, and the problem of method variance.

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Background
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Fortes-Burgos, A. C. G., Neri, A. L., & Cupertino, A. P. (2008) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722008000100010 · Cited by 45
Recovery–stress imbalance in Australian Football League coaches: A pilot longitudinal study
Kellmann, M., Altfeld, S., & Mallett, C. J. (2015) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2015.1020662 · Cited by 45
“(p. 22) From a transactional stress perspective (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987), stress responses (i.e. strain) result from a perceived imbalance between environmental demands and an individual’s coping resources (e.g. sufficient recovery, cognitive coping; see Olusoga et al., 2010).”
Background
Axiological-Identitary Collective Action Model (AICAM): A new integrative perspective in the analysis of protest
Cameselle, J. M. S., Dono, M., Grigoryev, D. S., Gómez-Román, C., & Álzate, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218350 · Cited by 45
Work‐related helping and family functioning: A work–home resources perspective
Aw, S. S. Y., Ilieș, R., Li, X., Bakker, A. B., & Liu, X. (2020) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12331 · Cited by 45
Communication and Stress: Effects of Hope Evocation and Rumination Messages on Heart Rate, Anxiety, and Emotions After a Stressor
Chadwick, A. E., Zoccola, P. M., Figueroa, W. S., & Rabideau, E. M. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1079759 · Cited by 45
“According to the transactional theory of emotion (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987) and the cognitive-mediation model (Lazarus, 1991, 2001), when we encounter a stimulus in our environment (e.g., a stressor), we determine the meaning of the stimulus for us (primary appraisal) and whether we can cope with…”
Background
Robot service failure: the double-edged sword effect of emotional labor in service recovery
Shi, Y., Zhang, R., Ma, C., & Wang, L. (2022) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-03-2022-0048 · Cited by 44
Inner Representations, Coping, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology in a Community Sample of Trauma Survivors
Goldenberg, I., & Matheson, K. (2005) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2704_9 · Cited by 44
“These include problem-focused coping, aimed at altering person–environment relationships, and emotion-focused coping, aimed at regulating emotional distress (Higgins & Endler, 1995; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987).”
BackgroundMethodResult
Predicting Parent-Child Aggression Risk in Mothers and Fathers: Role of Emotion Regulation and Frustration Tolerance
Rodriguez, C. M., Baker, L. R., Pu, D. F., & Tucker, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0764-y · Cited by 44
“A theoretical discussion of the role of stress in promoting child abuse could be informed by the transactional model of stress and coping (Lazarus and Folkman 1984, 1987), which posits that when confronted with stress, an individual is induced to react to the stressor, implementing strategies…”
BackgroundResult
Exploring the Relationship between Surface Acting, Job Stress, and Emotional Exhaustion in Health Professionals: The Moderating Role of LMX
Yıkılmaz, İ., Sürücü, L., Maşlakçı, A., Dalmış, A. B., & Toros, E. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14080637 · Cited by 45
“2024 , 14 , 637 2 of 23 stress, etc., define job stress to a certain extent [3–5].”
Background
Impact of the Australian marriage equality postal survey and debate on psychological distress among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer/questioning people and allies
Ecker, S., Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., & Byrnes, J. M. (2019) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12245 · Cited by 44
Stress, Burnout and Coping: Differences between Women with Coronary Heart Disease and Healthy Matched Women
Hallman, T., Thomsson, H., Burell, G. K., Lisspers, J., & Setterlind, S. (2003) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053030084003 · Cited by 44
“Lazarus and Folkman (1987) identify two major coping strategies, namely problemfocused (approaching) and emotion-focused (dissociating).”
Background
The relationship among caregiving characteristics, caregiver strain, and health-related quality of life: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin
Litzelman, K., Skinner, H. G., Gangnon, R. E., Nieto, F. J., Malecki, K. M. C., & Witt, W. P. (2014) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0874-6 · Cited by 44
“Theory suggests that the adverse health impacts of caregiving occur through psychological stress and caregiver strain or burden [6, 7], defined as the psychological stress specifically attributable to caregiving [8, p.”
Work-from-home (WFH) during COVID-19 pandemic – A netnographic investigation using Twitter data
Daneshfar, Z., Ajitha, A. A., Sharma, P., & Malik, A. (2022) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-01-2021-0020 · Cited by 44
A Dark Side of Telework: A Social Comparison-Based Study from the Perspective of Office Workers
Maier, C., Laumer, S., & Weitzel, T. (2022) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-022-00758-8 · Cited by 44
“This behavior may include higher turnover intention in the workplace if employees consider quitting an attractive way out of an envy-inducing situation, a specific adaptation mechanism in response to envy (Lazarus and Folkman 1987).”
Background
Go out or stress out? Exploring nature connectedness and cumulative stressors as resilience and vulnerability factors in different manifestations of climate anxiety
Wullenkord, M. C., Johansson, M. V., Loy, L. S., Menzel, C., & Reese, G. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102278 · Cited by 44
Understanding the Impact of Technostress on University Teachers’ Online Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic with the Transactional Theory of Stress (TTS)
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“According to the TTS , the effects of stressors are usually determined by individuals’ appraisal and coping processes (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Transitions: a Theoretical Model for Occupational Health and Wellbeing
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“This appraisal of resources will determine the coping response, and ultimately health outcomes (Lazarus and Folkman 1987).”
Background
Appraisal theory and emotional sequelae of first visit to colposcopy following an abnormal cervical screening result
Orbell, S., Hagger, M. S., Brown, V., & TIDY, J. A. (2004) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/1359107042304560 · Cited by 43
Panic Attack: How Illegitimate Invasions of Privacy Cause Consumer Anxiety and Dissatisfaction
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“In such situations, an individual appraises a challenge as nonthreatening and may cope with the challenge more effectively (Lazarus and Folkman 1987).”
BackgroundInfluential
Proactive Coping and its Relation to the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Hambrick, E. P., & McCord, D. (2010) · Individual Differences Research · doi:10.65030/idr.08007 · Cited by 43
“Accordingly, Lazarus and Folkman (1987) formulated a transactional theory of coping that considers both a person’s coping response and their cognitive appraisal of the situation.”
Background
An Integrative Review on Factors Contributing to Fear of Cancer Recurrence Among Young Adult Breast Cancer Survivors
Gormley, M., Ghazal, L. V., Fu, M. R., Cleave, J. H. V., Knobf, M. T., & Hammer, M. J. (2020) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000858 · Cited by 43
“Emotion-focused coping alters the individual's perception or meaning of the threat, whereas problem-focused coping manages the threat.(36) Among cancer survivors, external stimuli capable of posing a threat include perceived risk of recurrence, signs and symptoms of disease, surveillance behaviors (eg, avoidance of ma…”
Background
Predictors of Child Maltreatment Potential in a National Sample of Mothers of Young Children
Lowell, A., & Renk, K. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1299825 · Cited by 43
“Nonetheless, relative to stressful life events, daily hassles are an even stronger predictor of psychosocial adjustment (Kanner, Coyne, Schaefer, & Lazarus, 1981; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
Background
Perceived academic-related sources of stress among graduate nursing students in a Jamaican University
Leslie, K., Brown, K., & Aiken, J. (2021) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103088 · Cited by 43
Initial Clinical Practicum Stress among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study on Coping Styles
Hwang, E., Kim, M.-J., & Shin, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094932 · Cited by 43
“Folkman and Lazarus categorized coping methods into two distinct categories: emotionfocused and problem-focused [9].”
Background
Work pressure, coping styles and occupational burnout among Chinese police officers: a meta-analytic review
Zhou, S., Li, M., Chen, S.-R., Jiang, D., Qu, Y., & Xu, X. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01779-6 · Cited by 43
“It supported the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Theory in the group of police officers and expanded the application of the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping in explaining occupational burn-out [40, 41].”
Method
Positive and negative perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic: Does personality play a role?
Schmiedeberg, C., & Thönnissen, C. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113859 · Cited by 42
“Referring to the transactional theory of stress and coping (Lazarus and Folkman, 1987), not the stressor itself, but the individual appraisal of the situation is the relevant factor for individual distress.”
Background
A transactional model of stress and coping applied to cyclist subjective experiences
Lim, T., Thompson, J., Tian, L., & Beck, B. (2023) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.05.013 · Cited by 42
Binge-Watching as Case of Escapist Entertainment Use
Halfmann, A., & Reinecke, L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190072216.013.11 · Cited by 42
Predicting Stereotype Threat, Test Anxiety, and Cognitive Ability Test Performance: An Examination of Three Models
Sawyer, T. P., & Hollis‐Sawyer, L. (2005) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1207/s15327574ijt0503_3 · Cited by 42
“Some people may subjectively process information about the social environment and react to context-dependent stressors in preparing to take a test (e.g., fear of failure in a group context; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987).”
BackgroundMethod
How stressful are economic competitions in the lab? An investigation with physiological measures
Buckert, M., Schwieren, C., Kudielka, B. M., & Fiebach, C. J. (2017) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2017.07.004 · Cited by 42
“…take into account the relevancy of cognitive variables, i.e., the perception of the situation and the perceived control that have been emphasized throughout the stress literature (e.g., Dickerson and Kemeny 2004; Biondi and Picardi 1999; Kudielka and Kirschbaum 2007; Lazarus and Folkman 1987).”
Background
Cognitive Appraisal of Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players
Campbell, E. L., & Jones, G. (2002) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.19.1.100 · Cited by 42
The Role of Trait Anger in the Relationship between Stressors and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Convergent Findings from Multiple Studies and Methodologies
Ilie, A., Penney, L. M., Ispas, D., & Iliescu, D. (2011) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00476.x · Cited by 42

Authors: Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Lazarus, Richard S.
Venue: European Journal of Personality
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1987-09
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 141-169
ISSN: 0890-2070 (ISSN-L)
1099-0984
DOI: 10.1002/per.2410010304
OpenAlex: W2106232823
Semantic Scholar: 61c4bdaca0b53fc1a9736b946f6a3f5ddd1759b2
Cited by: 3,053
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 264 · 2025: 276 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 246 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 273 · 2020: 247 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 116 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 15.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: transactional theory, emotions, coping, cognitive appraisal, person-environment relationship, causal inference, confounding, method variance, emotion measurement

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Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping

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