Looking ahead through a fragile lens: Vulnerable narcissism and the future self
Abstract
Empirical data are lacking with regard to the degree to which self-absorbed hypersensitivity may be related to perceptions of the future self. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and several components of future orientation among psychiatric outpatients. A sample of 132 adult outpatients seeking mental health services completed measures assessing vulnerable narcissism, optimism, personal growth initiative and symptom distress, along with several questions regarding specific future outcomes. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine relationships between vulnerable narcissism and future outlook domains, controlling for sociodemographic confounds and symptom distress. Significant negative associations were found between vulnerable narcissism and optimism, personal growth initiative, and expectations regarding mental health recovery and personal goal achievement. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Vulnerable narcissism is associated with impaired optimism and future orientation, noticeable in diminished sense of agency and strivings toward personal growth.
“Vulnerable narcissism is also associated with impaired optimism and future orientation, noticeable in diminished sense of agency and strivings toward personal growth (21).”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765 · see citing works
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063 · Cited by 7,456 · see citing works
Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.41.9.954 · Cited by 5,806 · see citing works
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006 · Cited by 4,057 · see citing works
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006 · Cited by 2,051 · see citing works
How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update
Wampold, B. E. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20238 · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works
Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder
Pincus, A. L., & Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Forms and Transformations of Narcissism
Kohut, H. (1966) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306516601400201 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Assessing Hypersensitive Narcissism: A Reexamination of Murray's Narcism Scale
Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2204 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Interpersonal Analysis of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.17.3.188.22146 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Personal Growth Initiative: The Construct and Its Measure
Robitschek, C. (1998) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.1998.12068941 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Keyes's Model of Mental Health with Personal Growth Initiative as a Parsimonious Predictor.
Robitschek, C., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013954 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Farwell, L., & Wohlwend‐Lloyd, R. (1998) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00003 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability in psychotherapy.
Pincus, A. L., Cain, N. M., & Wright, A. G. C. (2014) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000031 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a Disorder of Neuroticism
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Vize, C., Crowe, M., Sleep, C., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Few, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12303 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism from the perspective of the interpersonal circumplex
Miller, J. D., Price, J., Gentile, B., Lynam, D. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.026 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Pathologic Forms of Self-Esteem Regulation
Reich, A. (1960) · The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child · doi:10.1080/00797308.1960.11822576 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Ellison, W. D., Levy, K. N., Cain, N. M., Ansell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.742904 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Further Validation of the Personal Growth Initiative Scale.
Robitschek, C. (1999) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Fossati, A., Borroni, S., Grazioli, F., Dornetti, L., Marcassoli, I., Maffei, C., & Cheek, J. (2009) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.92 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Levy, K. N. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21893 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Optimism, pessimism, and the complexity of narcissism
Hickman, S. E., Watson, P. J., & Morris, R. J. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00223-5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Akhtar, S. (1996) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306519604400304 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The effect of overt and covert narcissism on self-esteem and self-efficacy beyond self-esteem
Brookes, J. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.013 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Veiled and Vulnerable: The Other Side of Grandiose Narcissism
Kealy, D., & Rasmussen, B. (2011) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-011-0370-1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationDepressive tendencies and pathological narcissism among psychiatric outpatients
Kealy, D., Tsai, M. V., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.023 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived agency mediates the link between the narcissistic subtypes and self-esteem
Brown, A. A., Freis, S. D., Carroll, P. J., & Arkin, R. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.055 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Item Response Theory Analysis of the Life Orientation Test-Revised
Steca, P., Monzani, D., Greco, A., Chiesi, F., & Primi, C. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114544471 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Morey, L. C., & Stagner, B. H. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21895 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Predicting Expectations About Counseling: Psychological Factors and Gender Implications
Robitschek, C., & Hershberger, A. (2005) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00367.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Klockner, K., & Hicks, R. E. (2008) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2008.3.2.148 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Huprich, S. K., Luchner, A. F., Roberts, C. R. D., & Pouliot, G. S. (2011) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.176 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Endangered by interpretations: Treatment by attitude of the narcissistically vulnerable patient.
Shilkret, C. J. (2006) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.23.1.30 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kanske, P., Sharifi, M., Smallwood, J., Dziobek, I., & Singer, T. (2016) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2016_30_263 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Through rose-coloured glasses: An empirical test of narcissistic overestimation
Lobbestael, J., de Bruin, A., Kok, E., & Voncken, M. (2016) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1347 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment
Weinberg, I., & Ronningstam, E. (2022) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20220052 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kealy, D., Sandhu, S., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Fraser Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kealy, David
- Venue
- Personality and Mental Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-07-27
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 290-298
- ISSN
- 1932-8621 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2741959638
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Personality and Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- vulnerable narcissism, future self, future orientation, optimism, personal growth initiative, psychiatric outpatients, symptom distress, self-absorption
- MeSH terms
- Optimism, Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Goals, Humans, Male, Narcissism, Outpatients, Personality Assessment, Self Concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review