Inhaled anesthetics elicit region-specific changes in protein expression in mammalian brain
Abstract
Inhaled anesthetics bind specifically to many proteins in the mammalian brain. Within the subgroup of proteins whose activity is substantially modulated by anesthetic binding, it is reasonable to expect anesthetic-induced alterations in host expression level. Thus, in an attempt to define the group of functional targets for these commonly used drugs, we examined changes in protein expression after anesthetic exposure in both intact rodent brains and in neuronal cell culture. Differential in-gel electrophoresis was used to minimize variance, in order to detect small changes. Quantitative analysis shows that 5 h exposures to 1 minimum alveolar concentration (1 MAC) halothane caused changes in the expression of approximately 2% of detectable proteins, but only at 2-24 h after awakening, and only in the cortex. An equipotent concentration of isoflurane altered the expression of only approximately 1% of detectable proteins, and only in the hippocampus. Primary cortical neurons were exposed to three-fold higher concentrations of anesthetics with no evidence of cytotoxicity. Small changes in protein expression were elicited by both drugs. Despite the fact that anesthetics produce profound changes in neurobiology and behavior, we found only minor changes in brain protein expression. A pronounced degree of regional selectivity was noted, indicating an under appreciated degree of specificity for these promiscuous drugs.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Volatile anesthetics bind to MTs resulting in altered gene expression.
“Indeed, volatile anesthetics bind to MTs (Pan et al. 2008) resulting in altered gene expression (Futterer et al. 2004, Kalenka et al. 2007)”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Pan et al. 2008
Mitochondria are involved in the action of anaesthetics.
“Turin et al. cite a number of instances in which it has been shown that mitochondria are involved in the action of anaesthetics 65,[90][91][92] .”
From Quantum effects in the brain: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [90]
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
Jevtovic-Todorovic, V., Hartman, R. E., Izumi, Y., Benshoff, N. D., Dikranian, K., Zorumski, C. F., Olney, J. W., & Wozniak, D. F. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-03-00876.2003 · Cited by 1,983 · see citing works
Chaperone-mediated coupling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial Ca2+ channels
Szabadkai, G., Bianchi, K., Várnai, P., De Stefani, D., Wieckowski, M. R., Cavagna, D., Nagy, A. I., Balla, T., & Rizzuto, R. (2006) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200608073 · Cited by 1,413 · see citing works
Bito, H., Deisseroth, K. A., & Tsien, R. W. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81816-4 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
The development of the DIGE system: 2D fluorescence difference gel analysis technology
Marouga, R., David, S., & Hawkins, E. (2005) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-005-3126-3 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Planel, E., Richter, K. E. G., Nolan, C. E., Finley, J. E., Liu, L., Wen, Y., Krishnamurthy, P., Herman, M., Wang, L., Schachter, J. B., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4854-06.2007 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Minturn, J. E., Fryer, H. J. L., Geschwind, D. H., & Hockfield, S. J. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06757.1995 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Brain and behavior changes in 12-month-old Tg2576 and nontransgenic mice exposed to anesthetics
Bianchi, S. L., Tran, T., Liu, C., Lin, S. S., Li, Y., Keller, J. M., Eckenhoff, R. G., & Eckenhoff, M. F. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.009 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Xie, Z., Dong, Y., Maeda, U., Moir, R. D., Xia, W., Culley, D. J., Crosby, G. J., & Tanzi, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5320-06.2007 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Hengst, U., Albrecht, H., Heß, D., & Monard, D. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m002524200 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Conduction pathways in microtubules, biological quantum computation, and consciousness
Hameroff, S. R., Nip, A. M. L., Porter, M., & Tuszyński, J. A. (2002) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/s0303-2647(01)00183-6 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Isoflurane and sevoflurane affect cell survival and BCL-2/BAX ratio differently
Wei, H., Kang, B., Wei, W., Liang, G., Meng, Q. C., Li, Y., & Eckenhoff, R. G. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.009 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Mechanisms of neurosteroid interactions with GABAA receptors
Akk, G., Covey, D. F., Evers, A. S., Steinbach, J. H., Zorumski, C. F., & Mennerick, S. J. (2007) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.004 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Schwarzer, C., Barnikol-Watanabe, S., THINNES, F. P., & HILSCHMANN, N. (2002) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00026-2 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Effect of Anesthetics on Mitochondrial Function
Cohen, P. J. (1973) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-197308000-00007 · Cited by 145 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, halothane is metabolized to a larger degree than isoflurane, and is known to have larger effects on energy metabolism [34].”
BackgroundYoo, B. C., Fountoulakis, M., Cairns, N. J., & Lübec, G. (2001) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200101)22:1 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Early postmitotic neurons transiently express TOAD‐64, a neural specific protein
Minturn, J. E., Geschwind, D. H., Fryer, H. J. L., & Hockfield, S. J. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903550304 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
DISC1 Regulates Neurotrophin-Induced Axon Elongation via Interaction with Grb2
Shinoda, T., Taya, S., Tsuboi, D., Hikita, T., Matsuzawa, R., Kuroda, S., Iwamatsu, A., & Kaibuchi, K. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3825-06.2007 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Alterations in rat brain proteins after desflurane anesthesia
Fütterer, C. D., Maurer, M. H., Schmitt, A., Feldmann, R. E., Kuschinsky, W., & Waschke, K. F. (2004) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200402000-00019 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Selective Antagonism of 5α-Reduced Neurosteroid Effects at GABAA Receptors
Mennerick, S. J., He, Y., Jiang, X. Q., Manion, B. D., Wang, M., Shute, A. A., Benz, A. M., Evers, A. S., Covey, D. F., & Zorumski, C. F. (2004) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.65.5.1191 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Hamaya, Y., Takeda, T., Dohi, S., Nakashima, S., & Nozawa, Y. (2000) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1097/00000539-200005000-00034 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Maki, M., Matsukawa, N., Yuasa, H., Otsuka, Y., Yamamoto, T., Akatsu, H., Okamoto, T., Ueda, R., & Ojika, K. (2002) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/61.2.176 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Lawen, A., Ly, J. D., Lane, D. J. R., Zarschler, K., Messina, A. A., & Pinto, V. D. (2004) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.013 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Fu, S.-C. J., Cruz, T. F., & Gurd, J. W. (1981) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00571.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Inhalational anesthetic-binding proteins in rat neuronal membranes
Xi, J., Liu, R., Asbury, G. R., Eckenhoff, M. F., & Eckenhoff, R. G. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m313864200 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective Effects of Pentobarbital and Halothane on c-fos and jun-B Gene Expression in Rat Brain
Marota, J. J. A., Crosby, G. J., & Uhl, G. R. (1992) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199208000-00021 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Halothane binding proteome in human brain cortex
Pan, J. Z., Xi, J., Tobias, J. W., Eckenhoff, M. F., & Eckenhoff, R. G. (2007) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr060311u · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered hippocampal gene expression 2 days after general anesthesia in rats
Culley, D. J., Yukhananov, R. Y., Xie, Z., Gali, R. R., Tanzi, R. E., & Crosby, G. J. (2006) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.028 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Isoflurane Modulates Genomic Expression in Rat Amygdala
Rampil, I. J., Moller, D. H., & Bell, A. (2006) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000202384.96269.51 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The effects of sevoflurane anesthesia on rat brain proteins: a proteomic time-course analysis
Kalenka, A., Hinkelbein, J., Feldmann, R. E., Kuschinsky, W., Waschke, K. F., & Maurer, M. H. (2007) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000260799.37107.e6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Multiple Specific Binding Targets for Inhaled Anesthetics in the Mammalian Brain
Eckenhoff, M. F., Chan, K., & Eckenhoff, R. G. (2002) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.300.1.172 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Quantitative Autoradiography of Halothane Binding in Rat Brain
Eckenhoff, M. F., & Eckenhoff, R. G. (1998) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37402-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Yamasaki, A., Takahashi, T., Suzuki, T., Fujiwara, T., Hirakawa, M., Ohmori, E., & Akagi, R. (2001) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00664-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A novel redox-based switch: LMW-PTP oxidation enhances Grb2 binding and leads to ERK activation
Giannoni, E., Raugei, G., Chiarugi, P., & Ramponi, G. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.091 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rat brain DNA transcript profile of halothane and isoflurane exposure
Pan, J. Z., Wei, H., Hecker, J. G., Tobias, J. W., Eckenhoff, R. G., & Eckenhoff, M. F. (2006) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/01.fpc.0000189795.21770.08 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Both clathrin-positive and -negative coats are involved in endosomal sorting of the EGF receptor
Myromslien, F. D., Grøvdal, L. M., Raiborg, C., Stenmark, H., Madshus, I. H., & Stang, E. (2006) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.06.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cerebral oxygenation monitoring using near infrared spectroscopy during controlled hypotension
Shear, T. D., & Tobias, J. D. (2005) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01495.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sialoglycoprotein synthesis in developing rat brain.
Dh, V. D. E., van Dijk, W., & Roukema, P. A. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Coughlan, C. M., Seckl, J. R., & Breen, K. C. (1996) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/bf02088109 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Induced enzyme release from synaptosomes by halothane
Cheng, S., Brunner, E. A., & Minieka, I. (1984) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf00964385 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Csoka, A. B., & Szyf, M. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.10.039 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism
Zadeh-Haghighi, H., & Simon, C. (2022) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2022.0325 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering
Herman, I. P. (2014) · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Craddock, T. J. A., Kurian, P., Preto, J., Sahu, K., Hameroff, S. R., Klobukowski, M., & Tuszynski, J. A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09992-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Anesthetics Act in Quantum Channels in Brain Microtubules to Prevent Consciousness
Craddock, T. J. A., Hameroff, S. R., T. Ayoub, A., Klobukowski, M., & Tuszynski, J. A. (2015) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026615666150225104543 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Craddock, T. J. A., St. George, M., Freedman, H., Barakat, K. H., Damaraju, S., Hameroff, S., & Tuszynski, J. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037251 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Quantum effects in the brain: A review
Adams, B., & Petruccione, F. (2020) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/1.5135170 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Postoperative kognitive Dysfunktion
Coburn, M., Fahlenkamp, A. V., Zoremba, N., & Schaelte, G. (2010) · Der Anaesthesist · doi:10.1007/s00101-009-1657-2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Volatile Anesthetics Modulate Gene Expression in Breast and Brain Tumor Cells
Huitink, J. M., Heimerikxs, M., Nieuwland, M., Loer, S. A., Brugman, W., Velds, A., Sie, D., & Kerkhoven, R. M. (2010) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181fa3533 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Anesthesia in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease: A study using the triple‐transgenic mouse model
Tang, J. X., Mardini, F., Caltagarone, B. M., Garrity, S. T., Li, R. Q., Bianchi, S. L., Gomes, O., LaFerla, F. M., Eckenhoff, R. G., & Eckenhoff, M. F. (2011) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.10.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effects of anesthesia on the response to sleep deprivation
Nelson, A. B., Faraguna, U., Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.12.1659 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
MICROTUBULE IONIC CONDUCTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
Craddock, T. J. A., Tuszyński, J. A., Priel, A., & Freedman, H. (2010) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635210002421 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The link among microbiota, epigenetics, and disease development
El-Sayed, A., Aleya, L., & Kamel, M. S. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13862-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wiest, M. C. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf011 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Indeed, volatile anesthetics bind to MTs (Pan et al. 2008) resulting in altered gene expression (Futterer et al. 2004, Kalenka et al. 2007), and a behavioral experiment demonstrated that an anthracene-based anesthetic reversibly immobilized tadpoles by acting on their MTs (Emerson et al. 2013).”
Microtubule-stabilizer epothilone B delays anesthetic-induced unconsciousness in rats
Khan, S., Huang, Y., Timuçin, D., Bailey, S., Lee, S., Lopes, J., Gaunce, E., Mosberger, J., Zhan, M., Abdelrahman, B., et al. (2024) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0291-24.2024 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Han, B., McCarren, H. S., O’Neill, D., & Kelz, M. B. (2014) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000383 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Speigel, I. A., Bichler, E. K., & García, P. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2017.00058 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Radical pairs may play a role in microtubule reorganization
Zadeh‐Haghighi, H., & Simon, C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10068-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Influence of Isoflurane on Immediate-Early Gene Expression
Bunting, K. M., Nalloor, R. I., & Vazdarjanova, A. I. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00363 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Propofol anaesthesia alters the cerebral proteome differently from sevoflurane anaesthesia
Tsuboko, Y., & Sakamoto, A. (2011) · Biomedical Research · doi:10.2220/biomedres.32.55 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Meijer, D. K. F., Jerman, I., Melkikh, A. V., & Sbitnev, V. I. (2020) · Studies in Rhythm Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7253-1_8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Reddy, J. S. K., & Pereira, C. (2017) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/jin-170064 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Postoperative kognitive Dysfunktion
Haseneder, R., Kochs, E. F., & Jungwirth, B. (2012) · Der Anaesthesist · doi:10.1007/s00101-012-2024-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wang, L., Yuan, S.-J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., & Zhou, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.900350 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zizzi, E. A., Cavaglià, M., Tuszyński, J. A., & Deriu, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1897044 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Speigel, I. A., Ma, C. M., Bichler, E. K., Gooch, J. L., & García, P. S. (2019) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004183 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Qiu, Z., Yu, X., Lee, S., Zeng, X., Chang, A., & Wiest, M. C. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.110834 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Consciousness and Quantum State Reduction—Which Comes First?
Hameroff, S. R. (2019) · Activitas Nervosa Superior · doi:10.1007/s41470-019-00053-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kamagata, C., Tsuboko, Y., Okabe, T., Sato, C., & Sakamoto, A. (2011) · Biomedical Research · doi:10.2220/biomedres.32.91 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wiest, M. C., & Puniani, A. S. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.09.016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yu, X., Qiu, Z., Nashrah, F., Garg, A., Chang, A., Schieber, A., Wu, S., Magavi, V., & Wiest, M. C. (2026) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2026.114938 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Genomics and Proteomic Techniques
Pan, J. Z. (2018) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Proteomics in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine
Piazza, O., Benedictis, G. D., & Marinosci, G. Z. (2012) · Translational bioinformatics · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5811-7_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Action of Inhaled Volatile General Anesthetics: Unconsciousness at the Molecular Level
Baldassarre, D., Scarpati, G., & Piazza, O. (2019) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9891-3_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Radical pairs may play a role in microtubule reorganizationPreprint
Zadeh‐Haghighi, H., & Simon, C. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462227 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Novel Modes of Neural Computation: From Nanowires to Mind
Woolf, N. J., Priel, A., & Tuszyński, J. A. (2009) · Biological and medical physics series · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03584-5_6
Kreuer, S., & Pannen, B. H. J. (2012)
Pediatric Personalized Anesthesia
Malekianzadeh, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53525-4_7
Risk genes in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) affect integrity and function of microtubules
Donlon, T. A., & Müller, U. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1769377
- Authors
- Pan, J. Z., Xi, J., Eckenhoff, M. F., & Eckenhoff, R. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eckenhoff, Roderic G.
- Venue
- PROTEOMICS
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2983-2992
- ISSN
- 1615-9853 (ISSN-L)
- 1615-9861
- OpenAlex
- W1985594020
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PROTEOMICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (51595)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P01GM055876)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Keywords
- inhalational anesthetics, halothane, isoflurane, brain protein expression, regional specificity, anesthetic targets, cortical neurons, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, differentially expressed proteins, anesthetic binding
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Cerebral Cortex, Halothane, Hippocampus, Infusions, Intra-Arterial, Isoflurane, Male, Neurons, Protein Biosynthesis, Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Anesthetics, Inhalation, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
