The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Posner et al. (1982) conceptual change model emphasises the view of status as being fundamental to the learning process, arguing that in order for a new conception to be incorporated into a student's schema, the status of the conception must fulfill a number of conditions.”
From FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS ENGAGED IN A COOPERATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: EVALUATING THEIR ABILITY TO DETERMINE THE STATUS OF THEIR OWN CONCEPTIONS ABOUT MATTER (2013) · cites this paper as Posner et al. (1982)
In the citing paper
“According to Posner et al. (1982), the conditions necessary for conceptual change are dissatisfaction with existing ideas, intelligibility, plausibility, and fruitfulness of the new competing conception often referred to as conceptual status.”
From FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS ENGAGED IN A COOPERATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: EVALUATING THEIR ABILITY TO DETERMINE THE STATUS OF THEIR OWN CONCEPTIONS ABOUT MATTER (2013) · cites this paper as Posner et al. (1982)
In the citing paper
“This observation is consistent with the conceptual change model (Posner et al., 1982).”
From FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS ENGAGED IN A COOPERATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: EVALUATING THEIR ABILITY TO DETERMINE THE STATUS OF THEIR OWN CONCEPTIONS ABOUT MATTER (2013) · cites this paper as Posner et al., 1982
In the citing paper
“Posner et al. (1982) have argued that an alternative theory will not be accepted unless it is intelligible.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Posner et al. (1982)
In the citing paper
“T. Kuhn (1962) has argued that scientists will not give up a theory unless there is a plausible alternative theory available, and Posner et al. (1982) have made essentially the same argument about science learners.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Posner et al. (1982)
Citations
Cites
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Kuhn, T. S., & Schlegel, R. (1963) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3050879 · Cited by 35,538
THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
McGuire, J. E. (1963) · Philosophical Books · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0149.1963.tb00813.x · Cited by 8,547
Neisser, U. (1976) · Cited by 4,903
Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
Lakatos, I. (1970) · Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139171434.009 · Cited by 4,649 · cited 1×
“Irme Lakatos ( 1970) labels scientists’ central commitments as their “theoretical hard core” and suggests that these commitments generate “research programs” designed to apply them to and defend them from experience.”
Background(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,505
Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
Lakatos, I. (1976) · Can Theories be Refuted? · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1863-0_14 · Cited by 3,915
The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change
Kuhn, T. S. (1977) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226217239.001.0001 · Cited by 3,861
Toward a Theory of Instruction
McGuire, M. T. (1966) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-196611000-00010 · Cited by 2,950
Child's Conception of the World
Piaget, J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315006215 · Cited by 2,689
Neisser, U. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,502
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ausubel D. P., 1968, Educational psychology: A cognitive viewpoint
- Belth M., 1977, The process of thinking
- Driver R.The representation of conceptual frameworks in young adolescent science students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 1973.
- French A. P., 1968, Special relativity
- Toulmin S., 1972, Human understanding
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,301–2,400 of 5,174
Rapp, D. N., & Uttal, D. H. (2006) · Geological Society of America eBooks · doi:10.1130/2006.2413(09 · Cited by 11
Hale-Hanes, C. (2015) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed500814n · Cited by 11
Epistemic foundations for conceptual change.
Duschl, R. A., & Jiménez‐Aleixandre, M. P. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13617-012 · Cited by 11
Using Multimedia Learning Aids from the Internet for Teaching Chemistry
Eilks, I., Witteck, T., & Pietzner, V. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-690-2.ch004 · Cited by 11
LEARNING CYCLE MODEL TO FOSTER CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING IN CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTION CONCEPTS
Arslan, H. Ö., Geban, Ö., & Sağlam, N. (2015) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/15.14.670 · Cited by 11
The Role of Analogies in Chemistry Teaching
Orgill, M., & Bodner, G. M. (2005) · Cited by 11
Primary astronomy: conceptual change and learning in three 10-11 year olds
Sharp, J. G., Bowker, R., & Merrick, J. (1997) · Research in Education · doi:10.1177/003452379705700107 · Cited by 11
Vallejo, C. A. C., Araque, F. Y. V., & Uribe, A. M. (2017) · Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas · doi:10.5565/rev/ensciencias.2091 · Cited by 11
Investigating undergraduate students’ ideas about the fate of the Universe
Conlon, M., Coble, K., Bailey, J. M., & Cominsky, L. R. (2017) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.13.020128 · Cited by 11
Shared Resources: Engineering Students' Emerging Group Understanding of Thermodynamic Work
Cao, Y., & Koretsky, M. (2018) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20237 · Cited by 11
English and Turkish Pupils' Understanding of Decomposition.
Çetin, G. (2007) · Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching · Cited by 11
Quantitative Approaches to Language in CSCL
Borge, M., & Rosé, C. P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65291-3_32 · Cited by 12
The Impact of Constructivist Teaching on Students' Perceptions of Teaching and Learning.
Chang, W. (2002) · Cited by 11
Current Research in the Psychology of Learning and Teaching
Shulman, L. S., & Ringstaff, C. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82654-2_1 · Cited by 11
Life and Physical Science Misconceptions of Preservice Elementary Teachers.
Crawley, F. E., & Arditzoglou, S. Y. (1988) · Cited by 11
Brownlee, J. L. (2001) · Faculty of Education · Cited by 11
Cognitive Aspects of Creativity: Science Learning Through Serious Educational Games
Annetta, L. A., Holmes, S. Y., Vallett, D., Fee, M., Cheng, R. W., & Lamb, R. L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5185-3_4 · Cited by 11
Evaluation of a Theory of Instructional Sequences for Physics Instruction
Wackermann, R., Trendel, G., & Fischer, H. E. (2009) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500690902984792 · Cited by 11
New lecturer development programmes: a case study of Scottish higher education institutions
Bamber, V., Walsh, L., Juwah, C., & Ross, D. (2006) · Teacher Development · doi:10.1080/13664530600773069 · Cited by 11
L'identification d'obstacles par les élèves
Peterfalvi, B. (1997) · Aster · doi:10.4267/2042/8673 · Cited by 11
The influence of teacher Beliefs on Constructivist Teaching Practices
Taylor, P. C. S. (1989) · Murdoch University Research Portal · Cited by 11
Análisis crítico de la Introducción de la Física Moderna en la enseñanza media
Pérez, D. G., Senent, F. A., & Solbes, J. (1986) · Revista de Enseñanza de la Física · doi:10.55767/2451.6007.v2.n1.15990 · Cited by 11
Reconstruyendo el constructivismo: hacia un modelo evolucionista del aprendizaje de conceptos
García, M. L. (2001) · Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas · doi:10.5565/rev/ensciencias.3989 · Cited by 11
Moreira, M. A., & Novak, J. (2006) · Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas · doi:10.5565/rev/ensciencias.5056 · Cited by 11
La investigación sobre la formación del profesorado de ciencias experimentales
Jiménez, V. M. (1998) · Cited by 11
Evaluating instruction: The complementary use of clinical interviews
Finley, F. N. (1986) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660230706 · Cited by 11
Personal Perspectives on Classroom Management.
Crow, N. A. (1991) · Cited by 11
L'ENSEIGNEMENT SCIENTIFIQUE VU PAR LES ENSEIGNANTS
Robardet, G., & VERIN, A. (1998) · Aster · doi:10.4267/2042/8689 · Cited by 11
Wilson, M. R. (1992) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.2307/1164497 · Cited by 11
Johnston, A. T., & Southerland, S. A. (2002) · Cited by 11
Examining the Influence of a Graduate Teaching Fellows Program on Teachers in Grades 7-12.
Thompson, S., Metzgar, V., Collins, A., Joeston, M. D., & Shepherd, V. L. (2002) · Cited by 11
Saldanha, L. A. (2004) · Cited by 11
Duan, R., Walker, G., & Orthia, L. A. (2021) · International Journal of Science Education Part B · doi:10.1080/21548455.2021.1938740 · Cited by 13
Behrendt, M. G., Clark, C., Elliott, M., & Dauer, J. T. (2024) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-024-00231-z · Cited by 10
Kebaetse, M. B., Griffiths, D., Mokone, G. G., Mogodi, M. S., Conteh, B., Nkomazana, O., Wright, J., Falama, R., & Kebaetse, M. B. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05229-0 · Cited by 10
Uncertainty in subject matter education—Constitutive element and fruitful instructional strategy?
Bähr, I., Bonnet, A., da Ponte, E. B., Gebhard, U., Krieger, C., Lübke, B., & Sting, W. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung · doi:10.1007/s35834-024-00436-7 · Cited by 10
Role of Key Competences in Physics Teaching and Learning
Dębowska, E., & Greczyło, T. (2016) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44887-9_1 · Cited by 10
Designing a practical lab-based assessment: a case study
Amida, A., Chang, I., & Yearwood, D. (2019) · Journal of Engineering Design and Technology · doi:10.1108/jedt-08-2019-0194 · Cited by 10
Instructional improv to analyze inquiry-based science teaching: Zed’s dead and the missing flower
Dahn, M., Lee, C., Enyedy, N., & Danish, J. A. (2021) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-021-00156-9 · Cited by 10
Evaluating key ideas for teaching electromagnetic radiation
Zloklikovits, S., & Hopf, M. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1929/1/012063 · Cited by 10
Human–object interaction, connectedness with nature, and life satisfaction: a cross-sectional study
Kamide, H., & Arai, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1360518 · Cited by 10
Steinwachs, J., & Martens, H. (2022) · Evolution Education and Outreach · doi:10.1186/s12052-022-00174-2 · Cited by 10
Idsardi, R., Luft, J. A., Wingfield, J. L., Whitt, B., Barriga, P. A., & Lang, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21853 · Cited by 10
Potvin, P., Chastenay, P., Thibault, F., Riopel, M., Ahr, E., & Foisy, L. B. (2023) · Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research · doi:10.1186/s43031-023-00075-4 · Cited by 10
Spice plants as a biology learning resource based-education for sustainable development
Hartanti, R. D., Paidi, P., Aloysius, S., Kuswanto, H., & Rasis, R. (2023) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v13i1.24685 · Cited by 10
Esteban‐Guitart, M., & Gee, J. P. (2023) · Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2023.2291010 · Cited by 12
Rodriguez, J.-M. G. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00309 · Cited by 10
Yulianti, E., Rahman, N. F. A., Suwono, H., & Phang, F. A. (2025) · Research in Science & Technological Education · doi:10.1080/02635143.2025.2452542 · Cited by 10
Nielson, C., Pitt, E., Fux, M., de Nesnera, K., Betz, N., Leffers, J. S., Tanner, K. D., & Coley, J. D. (2025) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.24-07-0198 · Cited by 10
Knowledge to Deal with Challenges to Science Education from Without and Within
Fensham, P. J. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3927-9_17 · Cited by 10
Situating Beliefs in the Theory of Planned Behavior
Smith, P. S., Smith, A. A., & Banilower, E. R. (2014) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-557-1_6 · Cited by 10
Students’ Understanding of Statistical Inference: Implications for Teaching
Reaburn, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0511-5_12 · Cited by 10
Bases teóricas e epistemológicas da abordagem dos perfis conceituais
Mortimer, E. F., Scott, P., & El-Hani, C. N. (2011) · Tecné Episteme y Didaxis TED · doi:10.17227/ted.num30-1102 · Cited by 10
Perceptual Influence of Ugandan Biology Students’ Understanding of HIV/AIDS
Mutonyi, H., Nashon, S. M., & Nielsen, W. (2009) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-009-9134-0 · Cited by 10
van Leeuwen, T., & Selander, S. (1995) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/0022027950270503 · Cited by 10
The effect of conceptual change based instruction on students’ attitudes toward chemistry
Kaya, E., & Geban, Ö. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.133 · Cited by 10
Brophy, J., & Alleman, J. (2003) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci2101_2 · Cited by 10
MISCONCEPTIONS OF FORCE: SPONTANEOUS REASONING OR WELL-FORMED IDEAS PRIOR TO INSTRUCTION?
Rowlands, S., Graham, T., Berry, J., & McWilliam, P. (2005) · Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.1080/14794800008520145 · Cited by 10
Frappart, S., & Frède, V. (2015) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-015-0275-4 · Cited by 10
Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching
Jamaica, I. (2000) · Cited by 10
Taşlıdere, E. (2014) · Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education · doi:10.14686/buefad.201416214 · Cited by 10
Nonverbální prvky v učebnicích zeměpisu jako nástroj didaktické transformace
Janko, T. (2013) · Masarykova univerzita eBooks · doi:10.5817/cz.muni.m210-6400-2013 · Cited by 10
Hermita, N., Suhandi, A., Syaodih, E., Samsudin, A., Isjoni, I., & Rosa, F. (2017) · Advanced Science Letters · doi:10.1166/asl.2017.10184 · Cited by 10
Putting post-decision wagering to the test: a measure of self-perceived knowledge in basic sciences?
Versteeg, M., & Paul Steendijk, A. (2019) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-019-0495-4 · Cited by 14
Investigative Science Learning Environment: Learn Physics by Practicing Science
Etkina, E., Brookes, D. T., & Planinšič, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33600-4_23 · Cited by 12
Promoting Conceptual Understanding of Q Methodology using Insights from Science Education
Ramlo, S. (2020) · International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches · doi:10.29034/ijmra.v12n3a3 · Cited by 10
Scientific reasoning and counterfactual reasoning in development
Nyhout, A., & Ganea, P. A. (2021) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2021.04.005 · Cited by 10
Primi, C., & Donati, M. A. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education · doi:10.1007/s42330-022-00229-y · Cited by 10
Aportaciones de las analogías al desarrollode pensamiento modelizador de los alumnos en química
Martínez, J. M. O., & Aragón, M. D. M. M. (2018) · Educación Química · doi:10.1016/s0187-893x(18)30006-5 · Cited by 10
DEL CONOCIMIENTO EXTRAESCOLAR AL CONOCIMIENTO CIENTÍFICO ESCOLAR
Candela, A. (2006) · Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa · Cited by 10
Chiu, M., Lin, J., & Chou, C.-C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-472-6_5 · Cited by 10
Changes in College Students’ Conceptions of Chemical Equilibrium
Locaylocay, J. R., van den Berg, E., & Magno, M. C. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3673-6_36 · Cited by 10
Binns, I. C., Bell, R. L., & Smetana, L. K. (2010) · Journal of the Research Center for Educational Technology · Cited by 10
Enseñanza para u cambio conceptual: ejemplos de fuerza y de movimiento
Hewson, P. W., & Beeth, M. E. (1995) · Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas · doi:10.5565/rev/ensciencias.4280 · Cited by 10
Self-citationThe Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation.
Ramlo, S. (2002) · Cited by 10
Bawaneh, A. K. A., Zain, A. N. M., & Ghazali, M. (2010) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v3n1p96 · Cited by 10
The effect of conceptual change approach on 9th grade students’ achievement
Koparan, T., Yıldız, C., Köğce, D., & Güven, B. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.618 · Cited by 10
Chemieschulbücher in der Unterrichtsplanung ‐ Welche Bedeutung haben Schülervorstellungen?
Beerenwinkel, A., Parchmann, I., & Gräsel, C. (2007) · CHEMKON · doi:10.1002/ckon.200710051 · Cited by 10
Process based investigations of conceptual development: an explorative study
von Aufschnaiter, C. (2006) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-005-9018-3 · Cited by 10
Lappi, O. (2012) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-012-9459-3 · Cited by 10
Children's conceptions of ‘living’ and ‘dead’
Osaki, K. M., & Samiroden, W. D. (1990) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.1990.9655141 · Cited by 10
Enseignement d'un modèle particulaire cinétique de gaz au collège. Questionnement et simulation
Méheut, M. (1996) · Didaskalia · doi:10.4267/2042/23774 · Cited by 10
Ohlsson, S. (2013) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v1i2.58 · Cited by 10
The Concept and Instruction of Metacognition in Translation Competence Development
Zou, Y. (2015) · International Forum of Teaching and Studies · Cited by 10
Students’ Alternative Conceptions about the Lotus Effect: To Confront or to Ignore?
Kubisch, F., & Heyne, T. F. (2015) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2015.1007886 · Cited by 10
A Preliminary Investigation of the Influences of Refutation Text and Instructional Design
Schroeder, N. L. (2016) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-016-9278-8 · Cited by 10
Enhancing Conceptual Understanding With Concept Maps And Concept Questions
Greitzer, E. M., Soderholm, D. H., Darmofal, D., & Brodeur, D. R. (2020) · IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting (LEOS) · doi:10.18260/1-2--11019 · Cited by 10
Text Based Analogy in Overcoming Student Misconception on Simple Electricity Circuit Material
Hesti, R., Maknun, J., & Feranie, S. (2017) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/895/1/012146 · Cited by 10
Pratt, J. M., Birk, J. P., Tierney, D. L., & Yezierski, E. J. (2017) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00193 · Cited by 10
Thinking and working scientifically : the role of analogical and mental models
Harrison, A. G. (2001) · Figshare · Cited by 10
Aliberas, J., Gutiérrez, R., & Aymerich, M. I. I. (2019) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-018-9810-z · Cited by 13
Overcoming Motivational Barriers to Understanding and Accepting Evolution Through Gameful Learning
Owens, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14698-6_10 · Cited by 10
Şengül, Ö., & Schwartz, R. (2020) · The journal of college science teaching · doi:10.1080/0047231x.2020.12315640 · Cited by 10
Zuza, K., Sarriugarte, P., Ametller, J., Heron, P. R. L., & Guisasola, J. (2020) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.16.020149 · Cited by 10
Classroom Discourse and Science Learning
Almahrouqi, A., & Scott, P. (2012) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-900-8_12 · Cited by 10
Teaching for conceptual change on Newton’s First Law
Syuhendri, S. (2022) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2165/1/012036 · Cited by 10
Hurwitz, C. L., & Abegg, G. L. (1999) · Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/002205749918100202 · Cited by 10
Orchestrating a mathematical theme: Eleven-year olds discuss the problem of infinity
Wistedt, I., & Martinsson, M. (1996) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/0959-4752(96)00001-1 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Posner, G. J., Strike, K. A., Hewson, P. W., & Gertzog, W. A.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Venue
- Science Education
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1982-04
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 211-227
- ISSN
- 0036-8326 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-237X
- OpenAlex
- W1989748540
- Semantic Scholar
- c8a51c04d39bbd568c1295eb5ea18c27f640091f
- Cited by
- 5,187
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 187 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 158 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 194 · 2018: 171 · 2017: 193 · 2016: 187 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 202 · 2013: 248 · 2012: 223
- FWCI
- 116.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Science Education and Pedagogy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Evolution and Science Education
- Keywords
- conceptual change, scientific concepts, accommodation, cognitive development, science learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review