The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Posner et al. (1982) conceptual change model emphasises the view of status as being fundamental to the learning process, arguing that in order for a new conception to be incorporated into a student's schema, the status of the conception must fulfill a number of conditions.”
From FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS ENGAGED IN A COOPERATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: EVALUATING THEIR ABILITY TO DETERMINE THE STATUS OF THEIR OWN CONCEPTIONS ABOUT MATTER (2013) · cites this paper as Posner et al. (1982)
In the citing paper
“According to Posner et al. (1982), the conditions necessary for conceptual change are dissatisfaction with existing ideas, intelligibility, plausibility, and fruitfulness of the new competing conception often referred to as conceptual status.”
From FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS ENGAGED IN A COOPERATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: EVALUATING THEIR ABILITY TO DETERMINE THE STATUS OF THEIR OWN CONCEPTIONS ABOUT MATTER (2013) · cites this paper as Posner et al. (1982)
In the citing paper
“This observation is consistent with the conceptual change model (Posner et al., 1982).”
From FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS ENGAGED IN A COOPERATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: EVALUATING THEIR ABILITY TO DETERMINE THE STATUS OF THEIR OWN CONCEPTIONS ABOUT MATTER (2013) · cites this paper as Posner et al., 1982
In the citing paper
“Posner et al. (1982) have argued that an alternative theory will not be accepted unless it is intelligible.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Posner et al. (1982)
In the citing paper
“T. Kuhn (1962) has argued that scientists will not give up a theory unless there is a plausible alternative theory available, and Posner et al. (1982) have made essentially the same argument about science learners.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Posner et al. (1982)
Citations
Cites
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Kuhn, T. S., & Schlegel, R. (1963) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3050879 · Cited by 35,538
THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
McGuire, J. E. (1963) · Philosophical Books · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0149.1963.tb00813.x · Cited by 8,547
Neisser, U. (1976) · Cited by 4,903
Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
Lakatos, I. (1970) · Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139171434.009 · Cited by 4,649 · cited 1×
“Irme Lakatos ( 1970) labels scientists’ central commitments as their “theoretical hard core” and suggests that these commitments generate “research programs” designed to apply them to and defend them from experience.”
Background(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,505
Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
Lakatos, I. (1976) · Can Theories be Refuted? · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1863-0_14 · Cited by 3,915
The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change
Kuhn, T. S. (1977) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226217239.001.0001 · Cited by 3,861
Toward a Theory of Instruction
McGuire, M. T. (1966) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-196611000-00010 · Cited by 2,950
Child's Conception of the World
Piaget, J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315006215 · Cited by 2,689
Neisser, U. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,502
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ausubel D. P., 1968, Educational psychology: A cognitive viewpoint
- Belth M., 1977, The process of thinking
- Driver R.The representation of conceptual frameworks in young adolescent science students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 1973.
- French A. P., 1968, Special relativity
- Toulmin S., 1972, Human understanding
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,001–2,100 of 5,174
Kunter, M., Pohlmann, B., & Decker, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61403-7_11 · Cited by 21
An exploration of instructional behaviors of a teacher in a mobile learning context
Liu, C.-L., & Lai, C. (2022) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2022.103954 · Cited by 15
Putri, A. H., Samsudin, A., & Suhandi, A. (2022) · Journal of Turkish Science Education · doi:10.36681/tused.2022.151 · Cited by 15
A Novel Educational Digital Storytelling Tool Focusing on Students Misconceptions
Psomos, P., & Kordaki, M. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.476 · Cited by 15
Representation Construction to Support Conceptual Change
Tytler, R., & Prain, V. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203154472-40 · Cited by 15
Ward, R. B., Sadler, P. M., & Shapiro, I. I. (2007) · Astronomy Education Review · doi:10.3847/aer2007015 · Cited by 15
Hodson, D. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education · doi:10.1080/14926150109556459 · Cited by 15
Cognitive Load and Alternative Conceptions in Learning Genetics: Effects from Provoking Confusion
Poehnl, S., & Bogner, F. X. (2013) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2012.687790 · Cited by 20
Bryan, L. A., Sederberg, D., Daly, S. R., Sears, D., & Giordano, N. J. (2012) · Nanotechnology Reviews · doi:10.1515/ntrev-2011-0015 · Cited by 15
Lee, J. K., & Molebash, P. (2014) · The Journal of Social Studies Research · doi:10.1016/j.jssr.2014.02.005 · Cited by 15
Identification of the Most Critical Content Knowledge Base for Middle School Science Teachers
Saderholm, J. C., & Tretter, T. R. (2008) · Journal of Science Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10972-008-9092-9 · Cited by 15
Contrasting Ohlsson's Resubsumption Theory With Chi's Categorical Shift Theory
Michelene, T. H., & Brem, S. K. (2009) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520802616283 · Cited by 15
Wong, R. M. H. (2013) · Journal of Education for Teaching International Research and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/02607476.2013.765189 · Cited by 15
Korthagen, F. A. J. (2013) · Advances in research on teaching · doi:10.1108/s1479-3687(2013)0000019015 · Cited by 15
Creß, U., & Kimmerle, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49077-9_7 · Cited by 15
Click-On-Diagram Questions: a New Tool to Study Conceptions Using Classroom Response Systems
LaDue, N., & Shipley, T. F. (2018) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-018-9738-0 · Cited by 15
Brock, R., & Taber, K. S. (2020) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2020.1764657 · Cited by 16
Conceptual Profile as a Model of a Complex World
de Mattos, C. R. (2013) · Contemporary trends and issues in science education · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9246-5_10 · Cited by 15
Historical Evolution of the Field View and Textbook Accounts
Pocoví, M. C., & Finley, F. N. (2003) · Science & Education · doi:10.1023/a:1024431115782 · Cited by 15
The impact of technology enhanced science instruction on pedagogical beliefs and practices
Woodrow, J. E. J., Mayer-Smith, J. A., & Pedretti, E. G. (1996) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/bf01575308 · Cited by 16
Rethinking the Role of Resubsumption in Conceptual Change
Shtulman, A. (2009) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520802616275 · Cited by 15
Vilppu, H., Mikkilä‐Erdmann, M., & Södervik, I. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2011.637229 · Cited by 15
A Cultural Perspective of Conceptual Change: Re-examining the Goal of Science Education
Zhou, G. (2012) · McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill · doi:10.7202/1011669ar · Cited by 16
The Background to Effective Science Communication with the Public
Stocklmayer, S. M. (2001) · Contemporary trends and issues in science education · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0620-0_1 · Cited by 15
Obstacles to the Dissemination of Mathematics Education Research
Begg, A., Davis, B., & Bramald, R. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0273-8_20 · Cited by 15
Beyond Constructivism: A Return to Science-Based Research and Practice in Educational Technology.
Winn, W. D. (2003) · Educational Technology archive · Cited by 15
Collaborative Planning by Teacher Educators to Promote Belief Change in their Students
Tillema, H., & Knol, W. E. (1997) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/1354060970030103 · Cited by 15
Nelson, H. G. (1994) · Educational Technology archive · Cited by 15
A learning model for science education
Appleton, K. (1989) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/bf02356842 · Cited by 15
Wang, T. (2020) · University of Canberra Research Portal · doi:10.26191/s4p2-d956 · Cited by 15
A bridging study analyzing mathematical model construction through a quantities-oriented lens
Czocher, J. A., Hardison, H. L., & Kularajan, S. S. (2022) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-022-10163-3 · Cited by 14
Funa, A. A., Roleda, L. S., & Prudente, M. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2607-3_9 · Cited by 14
Weber, J., & Wilhelm, T. E. (2024) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.20.020130 · Cited by 16
Pektaş, H. M., Karamustafaoğlu, O., & Çelik, H. (2025) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-025-10214-3 · Cited by 14
Tang, X., & Shao, F. (2013) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-013-9454-8 · Cited by 14
Analyzing students' interaction with a 3D geometry learning tool and their teacher
Dolonen, J. A., & Ludvigsen, S. (2012) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2012.08.002 · Cited by 14
Rusanen, A., & Reijula, S. (2012) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-012-9489-x · Cited by 14
López, V. S., Fernández-Muñóz, J. J., & Vidal‐Abarca, E. (2010) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037010793139581 · Cited by 14
Effect of Simple Electric Circuits Teaching on Conceptual Change in Grade 9 Physics Course
Küçüközer, H., & Kocakülah, M. S. (2008) · Cited by 14
Doğan, Y., & İlhan, N. (2016) · Adıyaman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.17984/adyuebd.30690 · Cited by 14
Fiction, history and pedagogy: a double-edged sword
Clark, P., & Sears, A. (2016) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2016.1238108 · Cited by 17
Lee, K. M., Courtney, M. G. R., McGlashan, A., Neveldsen, P., & Toso, M. (2019) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-019-09516-6 · Cited by 14
Conceptual changes for and during working life
Boshuizen, H. P. A., Vosniadou, S., & Lehtinen, E. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101682 · Cited by 14
Materialist epistemology lends design wings: educational design as an embodied process
Nathan, M. J., & Swart, M. I. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-020-09856-4 · Cited by 14
Integrating History of Science in In‑service Physics Teacher Education: Impact on Teachers’ Practice
Winrich, C., & Garik, P. (2021) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-021-00219-w · Cited by 14
Persistence of the “Moving Things Are Alive” Heuristic into Adulthood: Evidence from EEG
Skelling-Desmeules, Y., Foisy, L. B., Potvin, P., Lapierre, H. G., Ahr, E., Léger, P., Masson, S., & Charland, P. (2021) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.19-11-0244 · Cited by 16
Scheffel, L., Brockmeier, W., & Parchmann, I. (2009) · Models and modeling in science education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8872-8_11 · Cited by 14
Colantonio, J. A., Bascandziev, I., Theobald, M., Brod, G., & Bonawitz, E. B. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems · doi:10.1109/tcds.2022.3220963 · Cited by 16
Alternate Conceptions of Preservice Elementary Teachers: The Itakura Method
Isabelle, A. D., & de Groot, C. (2008) · Journal of Science Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10972-008-9105-8 · Cited by 14
The Nature of Scientific Revolutions from the Vantage Point of Chaos Theory
Perla, R. J., & Carifio, J. (2005) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-004-7940-3 · Cited by 14
Preservice teachers’ meaning‐making in science instruction: a case study in Manitoba
Ebenezer, J., & Hay, A. (1995) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/0950069950170107 · Cited by 14
DeBlois, L. (2006) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-006-7833-2 · Cited by 17
The Role of Authority in Science and Religion with Implications for Science Teaching and Learning
Smith, M. U. (2012) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-012-9469-1 · Cited by 14
Conceptual change with refutational maps
Liu, Q., & Nesbit, J. C. (2018) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2018.1515513 · Cited by 14
Using fMRI to Study Conceptual Change: Why and How?.
Masson, S., Potvin, P., Riopel, M., Foisy, L. B., & Lafortune, S. (2012) · The International Journal of Environmental and Science Education · Cited by 14
Luckie, D. B., Rivkin, A. M., Aubry, J. R., Marengo, B. J., Creech, L. R., & Sweeder, R. D. (2013) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.12-04-0050 · Cited by 14
Junior secondary school students' conceptions about plate tectonics
Mills, R., Tomas, L., & Lewthwaite, B. E. (2016) · International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/10382046.2016.1262511 · Cited by 14
Examining Mathematics Teachers' Beliefs through Multiple Lenses.
Mewborn, D. S. (2002) · Cited by 14
Moving past postcolonial hybrid spaces: How Buddhist monks make meaning of biology
Balgopal, M. M., Gerardo, N. M., Topden, J., & Gyatso, K. (2021) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21616 · Cited by 14
Motivational, Social, and Contextual Aspects of Conceptual Change: A Commentary
Sinatra, G. M. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47637-1_10 · Cited by 14
Konstruktivistische Sichtweisen für das Lernen in der Grundschule?
Möller, K. (2001) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-97504-1_2 · Cited by 14
Small-Group Interview-Based Discussions About Diffused Shadow
Eshach, H. (2003) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1023/a:1025080923027 · Cited by 14
Technology-Enhanced Learning in Science
Kyza, E. Α., Erduran, S., & Tiberghien, A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9827-7_8 · Cited by 14
Creativity: A Motivational Tool For Interest And Conceptual Understanding In Science Education
Hoang, T. N. (2007) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1085059 · Cited by 14
Models in science and mental models in scientists and nonscientists
Brewer, W. F. (2001) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/bf02512358 · Cited by 14
Arruda, S. D. M., & Ueno, M. H. (2003) · Ciência & Educação (Bauru) · doi:10.1590/s1516-73132003000200002 · Cited by 14
Tao, Y., Oliver, M., & Venville, G. J. (2012) · Cultural Studies of Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11422-012-9415-1 · Cited by 14
Conceptions about Drinking Water of 10th Graders and Undergraduates
Fremerey, C., Liefländer, A. K., & Bogner, F. X. (2014) · Journal of Water Resource and Protection · doi:10.4236/jwarp.2014.612104 · Cited by 14
Changing Minds: Developmental Education for Conceptual Change
Hill, L. (2004) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1023/b:jade.0000012525.69639.5d · Cited by 14
Stinner, A. O. (1996) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/bf00414315 · Cited by 14
Hakkarainen, O., & Ahtee, M. (2006) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-006-9048-5 · Cited by 14
Hollenbeck, A. F., & Kalchman, M. S. (2012) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2012.728535 · Cited by 14
Turgut, Ü., & Gürbüz, F. (2012) · International Journal of Innovation and Learning · doi:10.1504/ijil.2012.047139 · Cited by 14
CONSTRUTIVISMO, CONHECIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E HABILIDADE DIDÁTICA NO ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS
Villani, A., & Pacca, J. L. D. A. (1997) · Revista da Faculdade de Educação · doi:10.1590/s0102-25551997000100011 · Cited by 14
Kurt, H., Guuml, Ekc, L., Ouml, Aksu, Z., & AKTAž, M. (2013) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.5897/err2013.1566 · Cited by 14
d/Discourse in the learning of physics: the design of an introductory physics curriculum
Marshall, D., & Case, J. (2010) · African Journal of Research in Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.1080/10288457.2010.10740679 · Cited by 14
Martínez, J. M. O. (2004) · REEC: Revista electrónica de enseñanza de las ciencias · Cited by 14
Representação Social de "Problema Ambiental": uma Contribuição à Educação Ambiental
Mazzotti, T. B. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos · doi:10.24109/2176-6681.rbep.78i188-89-90.1051 · Cited by 14
APRENDENDO A SER AFETADO: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A EDUCAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL
Coutinho, F. Â., Goulart, M. I. M., & Pereira, A. F. (2017) · Educação em Revista · doi:10.1590/0102-4698155748 · Cited by 14
Rocha, M. D. N., & Gurgel, I. (2017) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-017-9310-5 · Cited by 14
CORRECTING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTION IN ACID AND BASE CONCEPT USING PDEODE INSTRUCTION STRATEGY
Lathifa, U. (2018) · Unnes Science Education Journal · doi:10.15294/usej.v7i2.23202 · Cited by 14
Constructing Leadership in Child Care: Epistemological Beliefs and Transformational Leadership
Brownlee, J. L., Nailon, D., & Tickle, E. (2010) · Australasian Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/183693911003500312 · Cited by 14
Recognizing and Changing Students' Misconceptions: An Instructional Perspective
Meyer, D. K. (1993) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.1993.9926789 · Cited by 14
New Learning in Science and Technology
van der Sanden, J., Terwel, J., & Vosniadou, S. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47614-2_7 · Cited by 14
Los exámenes de Física en la enseñanza por transmisión y en la enseñanza por investigación
Sánchez, M. A., Gil, D., & Torregrosa, J. M. (2006) · Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas · doi:10.5565/rev/ensciencias.4660 · Cited by 14
Bell, B. F., & Pearson, J. D. (1992) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/0950069920140310 · Cited by 14
Giordan, A. (1996) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.12795/ie.1996.i28.01 · Cited by 14
Wiser, M., & Kipman, D. (1988) · Cited by 14
An insight into collaborative learning with ICT: Teachers' and students' perspectives
Valtonen, T. (2011) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland) · Cited by 14
Valverde, G. J., Fabre-Mitjans, N., & Guimerà-Ballesta, G. (2025) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers14090384 · Cited by 20
Examining students’ geometrical misconceptions by eye tracking
UYGUN, T., Güner, P., & Şimşek, İ. (2022) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2022.2101954 · Cited by 13
Barenthien, J. M., Fiebranz, A., Todorova, M., Möller, K., & Steffensky, M. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102186 · Cited by 13
Seeking a Comprehensive Theory About the Development of Scientific Thinking
Lombardi, D., Sinatra, G. M., Bailey, J. M., & Butler, L. P. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09911-z · Cited by 17
Learning styles unmasked: Conceptual change among pre-service teachers using podcasts and texts
Götzfried, J., Nemeth, L., Bleck, V., & Lipowsky, F. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.101991 · Cited by 13
Ding, Y., Zhu, G., Bian, Q., & Bao, L. (2024) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.20.020141 · Cited by 17
Hennig, F., Tóth, K., Veith, J. M., & Bitzenbauer, P. (2024) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.20.020147 · Cited by 13
Kahaleh, R., & Simó, V. L. (2025) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/1361-6552/adb235 · Cited by 13
Aydeniz, M., & Pabuccu, A. (2011) · Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University AVESIS · doi:10.17522/nefefmed.15838 · Cited by 13
Research on Student Learning in Science: A Wittgensteinian Perspective
Heckler, W. S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7654-8_43 · Cited by 13
Towards to An Explanation for Conceptual Change: A Mechanistic Alternative
Rusanen, A. (2013) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-013-9656-8 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Posner, G. J., Strike, K. A., Hewson, P. W., & Gertzog, W. A.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Venue
- Science Education
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1982-04
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 211-227
- ISSN
- 0036-8326 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-237X
- OpenAlex
- W1989748540
- Semantic Scholar
- c8a51c04d39bbd568c1295eb5ea18c27f640091f
- Cited by
- 5,187
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 187 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 158 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 194 · 2018: 171 · 2017: 193 · 2016: 187 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 202 · 2013: 248 · 2012: 223
- FWCI
- 116.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Science Education and Pedagogy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Evolution and Science Education
- Keywords
- conceptual change, scientific concepts, accommodation, cognitive development, science learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
