Light‐induced cytotoxicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the US EPA priority pollutant list in human skin HaCaT keratinocytes: Relationship between phototoxicity and excited state properties
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The photocytotoxicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the priority pollutant list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) were tested in human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. A selected PAH was mixed with HaCaT cells and irradiated with a solar simulator lamp for a dose equivalent to 5 min of outdoor sunlight and the cell viability was determined immediately and also after 24 h of incubation. For the cells without incubation after the treatments, it is found that all PAHs with three rings or less, except anthracene, are not photocytotoxic, while the four or five‐ring PAHs (except chrysene), benz[a]anthracene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3‐cd]pyrene, benzo[b]fluorenthene, fluorenthene, and pyrene, are photocytotoxic to the human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. If the cells were incubated for 24 h after the treatments, the photocytotoxic effect of the PAHs was greatly amplified in comparison to the nonincubated cells. For the 24 h incubated cells, all PAHs except naphthalene exhibit photocytotoxicity to some extent. Exposure to 5 μM of the 4‐ and 5‐ring PAHs (except chrysene) and 3‐ring anthracene more than 80% of the cells lose viability. The photocytotoxicity of the PAHs correlates well with several of their excited state properties: light absorption, excited singlet‐state energy, excited triplet‐state energy, and HOMO‐LUMO energy gap. All the photocytotoxic PAHs absorb light at >300 nm, in the solar UVB and UVA region. There is a threshold for each of the three excited state descriptors of a photocytotoxic PAH: singlet energy <355 kJ/mol (corresponding to 337 nm light), triplet energy <230 kJ/mol (corresponding to 520 nm light), HOMO‐LUMO gap <3.6 eV (corresponding to 344 nm light) obtained at the Density Functional Theory B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 318–327, 2007.
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In vitro experiments showed that the induction of cytotoxic and oxidative mechanisms by some PAHs was increased when human keratinocytes were exposed to both PAHs and UVA in particular.
“Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that the induction of cytotoxic7, 8 and oxidative8, 52 mechanisms by some PAHs was increased when human keratinocytes were exposed to both PAHs and UVA in particular (for a review53).”
From The impact of airborne pollution on skin (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results report that several PAHs reduced HaCaT keratinocyte viability more with light irradiation than without it. Materials and Methods specify that the simulated sunlight included both UVA and visible light, so the experiment does not isolate UVA’s effect. The Introduction discusses possible oxidative pathways, but the reported experiment measures cell viability, not induction of oxidative mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Wang, S., Sheng, Y., Feng, M., Leszczynski, J., Wang, L., Tachikawa, H., & Yu, H.
- Affiliations
- Jackson State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yu, Hongtao
- Venue
- Environmental Toxicology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-05-11
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 318-327
- ISSN
- 1520-4081 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-7278
- PMC
- PMC3764498
- OpenAlex
- W2077546747
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Environmental Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (S06 GM 08047, S06GM008047)
- National Center for Research Resources (G1 2RR13459, G12RR013459)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, photocytotoxicity, HaCaT keratinocytes, skin cancer, excited-state properties, triplet energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, solar simulator irradiation, cell viability, anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene
- MeSH terms
- Cell Line, Transformed, Cell Survival, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, Mutagenicity Tests, Mutagens, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Skin, Time Factors, Ultraviolet Rays, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Molecular Structure, Keratinocytes, Toxicity Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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