The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Detection and attribution of climate change: a regional perspective
Abstract
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report, published in 2007 came to a more confident assessment of the causes of global temperature change than previous reports and concluded that ‘it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica.’ Since then, warming over Antarctica has also been attributed to human influence, and further evidence has accumulated attributing a much wider range of climate changes to human activities. Such changes are broadly consistent with theoretical understanding, and climate model simulations, of how the planet is expected to respond. This paper reviews this evidence from a regional perspective to reflect a growing interest in understanding the regional effects of climate change, which can differ markedly across the globe. We set out the methodological basis for detection and attribution and discuss the spatial scales on which it is possible to make robust attribution statements. We review the evidence showing significant human‐induced changes in regional temperatures, and for the effects of external forcings on changes in the hydrological cycle, the cryosphere, circulation changes, oceanic changes, and changes in extremes. We then discuss future challenges for the science of attribution. To better assess the pace of change, and to understand more about the regional changes to which societies need to adapt, we will need to refine our understanding of the effects of external forcing and internal variability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This article is categorized under: Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Robust Responses of the Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming
Held, I. M., & Soden, B. J. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3990.1 · Cited by 4,959
Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation
Alexander, L. V., Zhang, X., Peterson, T. C., Caesar, J., Gleason, B., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Haylock, M., Collins, D., Trewin, B., Rahimzadeh, F., et al. (2006) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2005jd006290 · Cited by 4,492
Self-citationConstraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle
Allen, M. R., & Ingram, W. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01092 · Cited by 3,009
Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850
Brohan, P., Kennedy, J. J., Harris, I., Tett, S. F. B., & Jones, P. D. (2006) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2005jd006548 · Cited by 2,040
Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast
Stroeve, J., Holland, M. M., Meier, W., Scambos, T., & Serreze, M. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2007gl029703 · Cited by 1,857
Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003
Stott, P. A., Stone, D. A., & Allen, M. R. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03089 · Cited by 1,735
Self-citationHuman-Induced Changes in the Hydrology of the Western United States
Barnett, T. P., Pierce, D. W., Hidalgo, H. G., Bonfils, C., Santer, B. D., Das, T., Bala, G., Wood, A. W., Nozawa, T., Mirin, A. A., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1152538 · Cited by 1,193
Annular Modes in the Extratropical Circulation. Part II: Trends
Thompson, D. W. J., Wallace, J. M., & Hegerl, G. C. (2000) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1018:amitec>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,057
Self-citationDetection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends
Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., Hegerl, G. C., Lambert, F. H., Gillett, N. P., Solomon, S., Stott, P. A., & Nozawa, T. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06025 · Cited by 1,027
Self-citationWarming of the world ocean, 1955–2003
Levitus, S., Antonov, J., & Boyer, T. (2005) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2004gl021592 · Cited by 1,024
How Much More Rain Will Global Warming Bring?
Wentz, F. J., Ricciardulli, L., Hilburn, K., & Mears, C. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1140746 · Cited by 959
Allan, R., & Ansell, T. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3937.1 · Cited by 843
Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records
Gedney, N., Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Boucher, O., Huntingford, C., & Stott, P. A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04504 · Cited by 843
Self-citationImproved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise
Domingues, C. M., Church, J. A., White, N. J., Gleckler, P. J., Wijffels, S. E., Barker, P. M., & Dunn, J. R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07080 · Cited by 762
Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires
Gillett, N. P., Weaver, A. J., Zwiers, F. W., & Flannigan, M. D. (2004) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2004gl020876 · Cited by 735
Self-citationQuantifying the uncertainty in forecasts of anthropogenic climate change
Allen, M. R., Stott, P. A., Mitchell, J. F. B., Schnur, R., & Delworth, T. L. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35036559 · Cited by 656
Self-citationClimate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century
Shindell, D., & Faluvegi, G. (2009) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo473 · Cited by 654
The Response of Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover to a Changing Climate*
Brown, R. D., & Mote, P. W. (2009) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2665.1 · Cited by 624
Burke, E. J., Brown, S. J., & Christidis, N. (2006) · Journal of Hydrometeorology · doi:10.1175/jhm544.1 · Cited by 603
Is the climate warming or cooling?
Easterling, D. R., & Wehner, M. F. (2009) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl037810 · Cited by 519
Seasonal Cycle Shifts in Hydroclimatology over the Western United States
Regonda, S. K., Rajagopalan, B., Clark, M., & Pitlick, J. (2005) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-3272.1 · Cited by 506
Effect of remote sea surface temperature change on tropical cyclone potential intensity
Vecchi, G. A., & Soden, B. J. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06423 · Cited by 484
Penetration of Human-Induced Warming into the World's Oceans
Barnett, T. P., Pierce, D. W., AchutaRao, K. M., Gleckler, P. J., Santer, B. D., Gregory, J. M., & Washington, W. M. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1112418 · Cited by 483
Allen, M. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/421891a · Cited by 478
Checking for model consistency in optimal fingerprinting
Allen, M. R., & Tett, S. F. B. (1999) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s003820050291 · Cited by 444
The New Hadley Centre Climate Model (HadGEM1): Evaluation of Coupled Simulations
Johns, T. C., Durman, C. F., Banks, H. T., Roberts, M. J., McLaren, A. J., Ridley, J. K., Senior, C. A., Williams, K. D., Jones, A., Rickard, G. J., et al. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3712.1 · Cited by 428
Detection of Anthropogenic Climate Change in the World's Oceans
Barnett, T. P., Pierce, D. W., & Schnur, R. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058304 · Cited by 422
Attribution of observed surface humidity changes to human influence
Willett, K. M., Gillett, N. P., Jones, P. D., & Thorne, P. W. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06207 · Cited by 385
Self-citationMiller, R. L., Schmidt, G. A., & Shindell, D. T. (2006) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2005jd006323 · Cited by 366
Caesar, J., Alexander, L., & Vose, R. (2006) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2005jd006280 · Cited by 363
Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content
Santer, B. D., Mears, C., Wentz, F. J., Taylor, K. E., Gleckler, P. J., Wigley, T. M. L., Barnett, T. P., Boyle, J. S., Brüggemann, W., Gillett, N. P., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702872104 · Cited by 332
Self-citationHidalgo, H. G., Das, T., Dettinger, M. D., Cayan, D. R., Pierce, D. W., Barnett, T. P., Bala, G., Mirin, A., Wood, A. W., Bonfils, C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2009jcli2470.1 · Cited by 320
Portmann, R. W., Solomon, S., & Hegerl, G. C. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808533106 · Cited by 316
Self-citationCombinations of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings in Twentieth-Century Climate
Meehl, G. A., Washington, W. M., Ammann, C. M., Arblaster, J. M., Wigley, T. M. L., & Tebaldi, C. (2004) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3721:conaaf>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 295
Attribution of polar warming to human influence
Gillett, N. P., Stone, D. A., Stott, P. A., Nozawa, T., Karpechko, A. Y., Hegerl, G. C., Wehner, M. F., & Jones, P. D. (2008) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo338 · Cited by 275
Self-citationOn Co2 climate sensitivity and model dependence of results
Mitchell, J. F. B., Wilson, C. A., & Cunnington, W. M. (1987) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.49711347517 · Cited by 275
Wijffels, S. E., Willis, J., Domingues, C. M., Barker, P., White, N. J., Gronell, A., Ridgway, K., & Church, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2290.1 · Cited by 263
Attribution of Declining Western U.S. Snowpack to Human Effects
Pierce, D. W., Barnett, T. P., Hidalgo, H. G., Das, T., Bonfils, C., Santer, B. D., Bala, G., Dettinger, M. D., Cayan, D. R., Mirin, A., et al. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2405.1 · Cited by 254
Recent Changes in Surface Humidity: Development of the HadCRUH Dataset
Willett, K. M., Jones, P. D., Gillett, N. P., & Thorne, P. W. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2274.1 · Cited by 245
Self-citationDetection of human influence on sea-level pressure
Gillett, N. P., Zwiers, F. W., Weaver, A. J., & Stott, P. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01487 · Cited by 234
Self-citationKnutson, T. R., Delworth, T. L., Dixon, K. W., Held, I. M., Lu, J., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Stenchikov, G., & Stouffer, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3709.1 · Cited by 232
Detecting and Attributing External Influences on the Climate System: A Review of Recent Advances
Barnett, T., Zwiers, F., Hengerl, G., Allen, M., Crowly, T., Gillett, N., Hasselmann, K., Jones, P., Santer, B., Schnur, R., et al. (2005) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3329.1 · Cited by 226
Self-citationHuman-Induced Arctic Moistening
Min, S.-K., Zhang, X., & Zwiers, F. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153468 · Cited by 191
Self-citationLobell, D. B., & Bonfils, C. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2007jcli1755.1 · Cited by 188
Forced and unforced ocean temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions
Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Gleckler, P. J., Bonfils, C., Wehner, M. F., AchutaRao, K., Barnett, T. P., Boyle, J. S., Brüggemann, W., Fiorino, M., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602861103 · Cited by 183
Self-citationObservational Constraints on Past Attributable Warming and Predictions of Future Global Warming
Stott, P. A., Mitchell, J. F. B., Allen, M. R., Delworth, T. L., Gregory, J. M., Meehl, G. A., & Santer, B. D. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3802.1 · Cited by 183
Self-citationAttribution of regional‐scale temperature changes to anthropogenic and natural causes
Stott, P. A. (2003) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2003gl017324 · Cited by 179
Self-citationDetection of changes in temperature extremes during the second half of the 20th century
Christidis, N., Stott, P. A., Brown, S., Hegerl, G. C., & Caesar, J. (2005) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2005gl023885 · Cited by 158
Self-citationRecent and future changes in Arctic sea ice simulated by the HadCM3 AOGCM
Gregory, J. M., Stott, P. A., Cresswell, D. J., Rayner, N. A., Gordon, C., & Sexton, D. M. H. (2002) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2001gl014575 · Cited by 145
Self-citationDetection and Attribution of Temperature Changes in the Mountainous Western United States
Bonfils, C., Santer, B. D., Pierce, D. W., Hidalgo, H. G., Bala, G., Das, T., Barnett, T. P., Cayan, D. R., Doutriaux, C. M., Wood, A. W., et al. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2397.1 · Cited by 137
Isolating the signal of ocean global warming
Palmer, M. D., Haines, K., Tett, S. F. B., & Ansell, T. J. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2007gl031712 · Cited by 130
Scale-Dependent Detection of Climate Change
Stott, P. A., & Tett, S. F. B. (1998) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3282:sddocc>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 127
Self-citationDetection of a Human Influence on North American Climate
Karoly, D. J., Braganza, K., Stott, P. A., Arblaster, J. M., Meehl, G. A., Broccoli, A. J., & Dixon, K. W. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089159 · Cited by 124
Self-citationAnthropogenic Warming of the Oceans: Observations and Model Results
Pierce, D. W., Barnett, T. P., AchutaRao, K. M., Gleckler, P. J., Gregory, J. M., & Washington, W. M. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3723.1 · Cited by 122
Meehl, G. A., Arblaster, J. M., & Tebaldi, C. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2007gl030948 · Cited by 116
Simulated and observed decadal variability in ocean heat content
Gregory, J. M., Banks, H. T., Stott, P. A., Lowe, J. A., & Palmer, M. D. (2004) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2004gl020258 · Cited by 115
Self-citationFeddema, J. J., Oleson, K. W., Bonan, G. B., Mearns, L. O., Washington, W. M., Meehl, G. A., & Nychka, D. W. (2005) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0038-z · Cited by 114
Stott, P. A., Jones, G. S., Lowe, J. A., Thorne, P., Durman, C. F., Johns, T. C., & Thelen, J. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3731.1 · Cited by 109
Self-citationDetection and attribution of changes in 20th century land precipitation
Lambert, F. H., Stott, P. A., Allen, M. R., & Palmer, M. A. (2004) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2004gl019545 · Cited by 105
Self-citationTesting the linearity of the response to combined greenhouse gas and sulfate aerosol forcing
Gillett, N. P., Wehner, M. F., Tett, S. F. B., & Weaver, A. J. (2004) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2004gl020111 · Cited by 104
Self-citationThe Impact of 200 Years of Land Cover Change on the Australian Near-Surface Climate
Narisma, G. T., & Pitman, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Hydrometeorology · Cited by 104
Impact of improved air quality on the future evolution of climate
Brasseur, G. P., & Roeckner, E. (2005) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2005gl023902 · Cited by 103
Human influence on Arctic sea ice detectable from early 1990s onwards
Min, S., Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., & Agnew, T. A. (2008) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2008gl035725 · Cited by 103
Self-citationAn imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy
Trenberth, K. E. (2009) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2009.06.001 · Cited by 102
Climate Change Detection and Attribution: Beyond Mean Temperature Signals
Hegerl, G. C., Karl, T. R., Allen, M. R., Bindoff, N. L., Gillett, N. P., Karoly, D. J., Zhang, X., & Zwiers, F. W. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3900.1 · Cited by 102
Self-citationDo Models and Observations Disagree on the Rainfall Response to Global Warming?
Liepert, B. G., & Previdi, M. (2009) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2472.1 · Cited by 93
Detection of external influence on sea level pressure with a multi‐model ensemble
Gillett, N. P., Allan, R. J., & Ansell, T. J. (2005) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2005gl023640 · Cited by 87
Self-citationDetection and attribution of Atlantic salinity changes
Stott, P. A., Sutton, R. T., & Smith, D. M. (2008) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2008gl035874 · Cited by 78
Self-citationMultimodel Multisignal Climate Change Detection at Regional Scale
Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., & Stott, P. A. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3851.1 · Cited by 78
Self-citationMin, S., Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., Friederichs, P., & Hense, A. (2008) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0376-8 · Cited by 76
Self-citationHuman contribution to rapidly increasing frequency of very warm Northern Hemisphere summers
Jones, G. S., Stott, P. A., & Christidis, N. (2008) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jd008914 · Cited by 72
Self-citationBhend, J., & von STORCH, H. (2007) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0335-9 · Cited by 68
Global ocean warming tied to anthropogenic forcing
Reichert, B. K., Schnur, R., & Bengtsson, L. O. (2002) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2001gl013954 · Cited by 64
A quality-controlled global runoff data set
Peel, M. C., & McMahon, T. A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05480 · Cited by 62
Attribution of anthropogenic influence on seasonal sea level pressure
Gillett, N. P., & Stott, P. A. (2009) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl041269 · Cited by 57
Self-citationEstimating Oceanic Heat Content Change Using Isotherms
Palmer, M. D., & Haines, K. (2009) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2009jcli2823.1 · Cited by 54
Alternatives to stabilization scenarios
Frame, D. J., Stone, D. A., Stott, P. A., & Allen, M. R. (2006) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2006gl025801 · Cited by 54
Self-citationA new perspective on warming of the global oceans
Palmer, M. D., Good, S., Haines, K., Rayner, N. A., & Stott, P. A. (2009) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl039491 · Cited by 47
Self-citationAttribution of cyclogenesis region sea surface temperature change to anthropogenic influence
Gillett, N. P., Stott, P. A., & Santer, B. D. (2008) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2008gl033670 · Cited by 46
Self-citationAre Changes in Global Precipitation Constrained by the Tropospheric Energy Budget?
Lambert, F. H., & Allen, M. R. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2135.1 · Cited by 43
Probabilistic estimates of recent changes in temperature: a multi-scale attribution analysis
Christidis, N., Stott, P. A., Zwiers, F. W., Shiogama, H., & Nozawa, T. (2009) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0615-7 · Cited by 40
Self-citationCauses of Observed Changes in Extreme Projections of Future Changes
Gutowski, W. J., Hegerl, G. C., Holland, J. G., Knutson, T. R., Mearns, L. O., Stouffer, R. J., Webster, P. J., Wehner, M. F., & Zwiers, F. W. (2008) · Cited by 38
Self-citationOptimal filtering for Bayesian detection and attribution of climate change
Schnur, R., & Hasselmann, K. (2004) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0456-3 · Cited by 34
Dean, S. M., & Stott, P. A. (2009) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2009jcli2715.1 · Cited by 33
Self-citationSimeone, R. (2006) · Weather · doi:10.1256/wea.173.06 · Cited by 27
Large-Scale Atlantic Salinity Changes over the Last Half-Century: A Model–Observation Comparison
Pardaens, A. K., Vellinga, M., Wu, P., & Ingleby, B. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2007jcli1988.1 · Cited by 22
Wu, Q., & Karoly, D. J. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2006gl028502 · Cited by 19
Self-citationObserved climate change constrains the likelihood of extreme future global warming
Stott, P. A., Huntingford, C., JONES, C. D., & Kettleborough, J. A. (2008) · Tellus B · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00329.x · Cited by 12
Self-citation(2003) · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016
Cited by
Murray, A., Skene, K., & Haynes, K. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2 · Cited by 3,328
Coumou, D., & Rahmstorf, S. (2012) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate1452 · Cited by 2,289
Refugia: identifying and understanding safe havens for biodiversity under climate change
Keppel, G., Van Niel, K. P., Wardell‐Johnson, G. W., Yates, C. J., Byrne, M., Mucina, L., Schut, A. G. T., Hopper, S. D., & Franklin, S. E. (2012) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00686.x · Cited by 1,230
Perkins, S. E. (2015) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.014 · Cited by 875
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000
Pall, P., Aina, T., Stone, D. A., Stott, P. A., Nozawa, T., Hilberts, A. G. J., Lohmann, D., & Allen, M. R. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09762 · Cited by 871
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Stott, P. A., Gillett, N. P., Hegerl, G. C., Karoly, D. J., Stone, D. A., Zhang, X., & Zwiers, F.
- Venue
- WIREs Climate Change
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 192-211
- ISSN
- 1757-7780 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-7799
- OpenAlex
- W2059932201
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 90
- FWCI
- 28.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.