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Cited by 260Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness, and joy

MACHT, M·1999·Appetite
DOI 10.1006/appe.1999.0236
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Abstract

The influences of emotions on eating were investigated. One-hundred and seven female and 103 male subjects were asked to report how various characteristics of eating could change during the emotions of anger, fear, sadness and joy. Subjects completed a questionnaire of 33 items for each emotion and a food deprivation condition. A factor analysis of the items answered with respect to food deprivation yielded four factors which were labelled hunger, impulsive eating, sensory eating and hedonic eating. ANCOVAs showed main effects of emotions upon each factor. Single comparisons showed that: (1) subjects reported to experience higher levels of hunger during anger and joy than during fear and sadness; (2) impulsive eating and sensory eating were rated higher during anger than during the other emotions; and (3) hedonic eating was rated higher during joy than during the other emotions. Results did not indicate any differential influences upon eating between fear and sadness. Women reported to experience higher tendencies of impulsive eating and sensory eating than men during anger and sadness. Eating scores of negative emotions correlated low and positive with body mass index, low and negative with dietary restraint. The differential effects of emotions on characteristics of eating may be due to differences of the examined emotions in frequency of occurrence, physiological correlates and motivational properties.

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  • Macht (1999) reported that BMI was positively correlated with increased eating during negative emotions, but hunger was negatively correlated with BMI when experiencing joy.

    “These findings are consistent with those of Macht (1999) who reported in a large sample of men and women that BMI was positively correlated with increased eating during negative emotions, but that hunger was negatively correlated with BMI when experiencing joy (the only positive emotion measured there).”

    From Emotional Appetite Questionnaire. Construct validity and relationship with BMI (2010) · cites this paper as Macht, 1999

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Authors
MACHT, M.
Affiliations
University of Würzburg (DE)
Corresponding author
MACHT, M
ORCID
MACHT, M
Venue
Appetite
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1999-08
Volume
33
Issue
1
Pages
129-139
ISSN
0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1006/appe.1999.0236
OpenAlex
W1966163849
Cited by
260
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
FWCI
2.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Appetite (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords
anger, fear, sadness, joy, hunger, impulsive eating, hedonic eating, food deprivation, sex differences, body mass index, dietary restraint, emotional eating
MeSH terms
Adult, Eating, Emotions, Female, Food Deprivation, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors

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