SOCKET: a program for identifying and analysing coiled-coil motifs within protein structures11Edited by J. Thornton
Abstract
The coiled coil is arguably the simplest protein-structure motif and probably the most ubiquitous facilitator of protein-protein interactions. Coiled coils comprise two or more alpha-helices that wind around each other to form "supercoils". The hallmark of most coiled coils is a regular sequence pattern known as the heptad repeat. Despite this apparent simplicity and relatedness at the sequence level, coiled coils display a considerable degree of structural diversity: the helices may be arranged parallel or anti-parallel and may form a variety of oligomer states. To aid studies of coiled coils, we developed SOCKET, a computer program to identify these motifs automatically in protein structures. We used SOCKET to gather a set of unambiguous coiled-coil structures from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. Rather than searching for sequence features, the algorithm recognises the characteristic knobs-into-holes side-chain packing of coiled coils; this proved to be straightforward to implement and was able to distinguish coiled coils from the great majority of helix-helix packing arrangements observed in globular domains. SOCKET unambiguously defines coiled-coil helix boundaries, oligomerisation states and helix orientations, and also assigns heptad registers. Structures retrieved from the Protein Data Bank included parallel and anti-parallel variants of two, three and four-stranded coiled coils, one example of a parallel pentamer and a small number of structures that extend the classical description of a coiled coil. We anticipate that our structural database and the associated sequence data that we have gathered will be of use in identifying principles for coiled-coil assembly, prediction and design. To illustrate this we give examples of sequence and structural analyses of the structures that are possible using the new data bases, and we present amino acid profiles for the heptad repeats of different motifs.
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SOCKET identifies knobs-into-holes (KIH) packing between side chains of neighboring helices.
“Some time ago, we wrote the program SOCKET to identify KIH packing between α helices in 3D coordinates of protein structures, that is, RCSB PDB files (Bittrich et al., 2022; Walshaw & Woolfson, 2001).”
From <scp> CC <sup>+</sup> </scp> : A searchable database of validated coiled coils in <scp>PDB</scp> structures and <scp>AlphaFold2</scp> models (2023) · cites this paper as Walshaw & Woolfson, 2001
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Self-citationParallel Coiled-coil Association of the RhoA-binding Domain in Rho-kinase
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Walshaw, J., & Woolfson, D. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Woolfson, Derek N
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 307
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1427-1450
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032155561
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Enzyme Structure and Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Structural Characterization
- Keywords
- coiled-coil domain, protein structure analysis, heptad repeat, helix orientation, protein-protein interaction, amino acid composition
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Amino Acid Sequence, Amino Acids, Binding Sites, DNA-Binding Proteins, Fungal Proteins, Models, Molecular, Protein Binding, Protein Kinases, Proteins, Software, Structure-Activity Relationship, Leucine Zippers, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Dimerization, Computational Biology, Databases as Topic, Internet, Amino Acid Motifs, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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