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How Many Subjects Constitute a Study?
Abstract
In fMRI there are two classes of inference: one aims to make a comment about the "typical" characteristics of a population, and the other about "average" characteristics. The first pertains to studies of normal subjects that try to identify some qualitative aspect of normal functional anatomy. The second class necessarily applies to clinical neuroscience studies that want to make an inference about quantitative differences of a regionally specific nature. The first class of inferences is adequately serviced by conjunction analyses and fixed-effects models with relatively small numbers of subjects. The second requires random-effect analyses and larger cohorts.
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“However, small sample sizes can be informative about typicality of a feature in a population, when features are identified in the majority of cases sampled[18].”
From In vivo PET imaging of neuroinflammation in familial frontotemporal dementia (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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Colasanti, A. (2014) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25560/25285
“This method in general limits the ability of the findings to be generalised to a population, but is appropriate for examination of effects in samples of particular patient groups, as used here (Friston et al., 1999).”
MethodDon't flirt with fraud when delegating to support personnel.
Caesar, N. B. (1996) · PubMed
Inhibición prepulso y “propensión a la psicosis” en individuos sanos: un estudio de RMf
Kumari, V., Antonova, E., & Geyer, M. A. (2008) · European psychiatry (Ed Española) · doi:10.1017/s1134066500009140
Karunanayaka, P. (2020) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2020.10.001471
“The General Linear Model was used to construct individual Z-score maps for each contrast [16].”
MethodNeural Substrates of Action Imitation Studied by fMRI
Tanaka, S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-73019-4_15
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Thyer, B. A. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470373705.chsw003008
张力, 周天罡, 张剑, 刘祖祥, 范津, & 朱滢 (2005) · Science in China Series C-Life Sciences (in Chinese) · doi:10.1360/zc2005-35-5-472
Garavan, H., Murphy, K., Valsasina, P., Rocca, M. A., & Filippi, M. (2025) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4438-6_5
Okamoto, K., Tanaka, S., Suzuki, Y., Kato, S., Shigematsu, T., Kunieda, K., & Fujishima, I. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.92249 · Cited by 1
“Second, individual contrast images were entered into a random effects group analysis [21].”
Neural processes underpinning episodic memory
Hassabis, D. (2009) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1
Fu, Z., Shultz, S., Iraji, A., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.24.720677
“Within most NeuroMark applications, a commonly used approach — EPInorm — applies an affine transformation followed by nonlinear registration of each subject’s EPI image directly to an adult EPI template in Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space (Friston et al., 1995, 1999; Klein et al., 2009).”
Fu, Z., Shultz, S., Iraji, A., & Calhoun, V. D. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122057
Renaud, I., Coquery, N., Guittière, M.-O., Godet, A., Bannier, É., Serrand, Y., Moirand, R., Thibault, R., & Val‐Laillet, D. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103589
Neurobiological regret and rejoice functions for aversive outcomes
Chandrasekhar, P. V. S., Capra, C. M., Moore, S., NOUSSAIR, C. N., & Berns, G. S. (2008) · Research portal (Tilburg University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., & Worsley, K. J.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- ORCID
- Friston, Karl J.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-5
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966363088
- Cited by
- 814
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- sample size, functional MRI, statistical inference, population inference, fixed effects model, random effects models, conjunction analysis, clinical neuroscience, functional anatomy, cohort size
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Research Design, Models, Statistical, Cohort Studies, Patient Selection
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