Cited by 817Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesAdvanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications

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How Many Subjects Constitute a Study?

Friston, Karl J., Holmes, Andrew P., Worsley, Keith J.·1999·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1006/nimg.1999.0439

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Abstract

In fMRI there are two classes of inference: one aims to make a comment about the "typical" characteristics of a population, and the other about "average" characteristics. The first pertains to studies of normal subjects that try to identify some qualitative aspect of normal functional anatomy. The second class necessarily applies to clinical neuroscience studies that want to make an inference about quantitative differences of a regionally specific nature. The first class of inferences is adequately serviced by conjunction analyses and fixed-effects models with relatively small numbers of subjects. The second requires random-effect analyses and larger cohorts.

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MethodResult
The sensorimotor transformation of cross-modal spatial information in the anterior intraparietal sulcus as revealed by functional MRI
Tanabe, H. C., Katô, M., Miyauchi, S., Hayashi, S., & Yanagida, T. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.010 · Cited by 24
Psychosocial functioning is correlated with activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and left lateral prefrontal cortex during a verbal fluency task in euthymic bipolar disorder: A preliminary fMRI study
Yoshimura, Y., Okamoto, Y., Onoda, K., Okada, G., Toki, S., Yoshino, A., Yamashita, H., & Yamawaki, S. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12115 · Cited by 23
Revisiting multi-subject random effects in fMRI: Advocating prevalence estimation
Rosenblatt, J. D., Vink, M., & Benjamini, Y. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.025 · Cited by 23
“[9] the authors discuss how the use of conjunction hypotheses could allow to infer on the population without the explicit distributional assumptions in the random effect approach.”
Background
Negative BOLD responses during hand and foot movements: An fMRI study
Nakata, H., Domoto, R., Mizuguchi, N., Sakamoto, K., & Kanosue, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215736 · Cited by 26
Neuroimaging Reveals Automatic Speech Coding during Perception of Written Word Meaning
Xu, B., Grafman, J. H., Gaillard, W. D., Spanaki, M. V., Ishii, K., Balsamo, L. M., Makale, M., & Theodore, W. H. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1215 · Cited by 23
Continuous-combined oral estradiol/drospirenone has no detrimental effect on cognitive performance and improves estrogen deficiency symptoms in early postmenopausal women
Davison, S. L., Bell, R. J., Robinson, P. J., Jane, F., Leech, J., Maruff, P. T., Egan, G. F., & Davis, S. R. (2013) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e318287474f · Cited by 23
“004] CogState continuous paired associate learning, number of errors 15 (5-47) 21 (4-56) 10 (2-46) 15 (2-49) 0.”
Reliability of individual functional MRI brain mapping of language.
Otzenberger, H., Gounot, D., Marrer, C., Namer, I. J., & Metz‐Lutz, M. (2005) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.484 · Cited by 22
Temporomesial Activation in Young Females Associated with Unpleasant Words concerning Body Image
Shirao, N., Okamoto, Y., Okada, G., Okamoto, Y., & Yamawaki, S. (2003) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000073630 · Cited by 23
A rapid presentation event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of response inhibition in macaque monkeys
Morita, M., Nakahara, K., & Hayashi, T. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.066 · Cited by 22
Stimulation of subgenual cingulate area decreases limbic top-down effect on ventral visual stream: A DBS-EEG pilot study
Kibleur, A., Polosan, M., Favre, P., Rudrauf, D., Bougerol, T., Chabardès, S., & Olivier David, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.018 · Cited by 23
“…the methodological solution of analyzing a cohort of rare cases, the approach limits the generalizability of the results reported here because the group variance was not explicitly modelled as can be done with random-effects analyses that are possible only on larger cohorts (Friston et al., 1999).”
Background
Disrupted connectivity of motor loops in Parkinson's disease during self-initiated but not externally-triggered movements
Taniwaki, T., Yoshiura, T., Ogata, K., Togao, O., Yamashita, K., Kida, H., Miura, S., Kira, J., & Tobimatsu, S. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.027 · Cited by 21
Saccades to a Remembered Location Elicit Spatially Specific Activation in Human Retinotopic Visual Cortex
Geng, J. J., Ruff, C. C., & Driver, J. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21025 · Cited by 23
“Although we later turn to individual retinotopic analyses of visual areas V1–V3, we begin with a group-SPM random effects analysis in stereotactic space that allows for inference at the population level (Friston et al., 1999).”
Method
Integration of identity and emotion information in faces: fMRI evidence
Yankouskaya, A., Stolte, M., Moradi, Z., Rotshtein, P., & Humphreys, G. W. (2017) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.05.004 · Cited by 23
Neural correlates of primary and reflective consciousness of spatial orienting
Bartolomeo, P., Zieren, N., Vohn, R., Dubois, B., & Sturm, W. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.005 · Cited by 22
An Iterative Jackknife Approach for Assessing Reliability and Power of fMRI Group Analyses
Wilke, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035578 · Cited by 21
“While certain differences must be expected to be present between those two analyses due to loss of power alone [12], the overall activation pattern (which, in both cases, is interpreted to be generalizable to be the average activation pattern of the general population [5]) should be similar.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Functional MRI changes in the central motor system in myotonic dystrophy type 1
Caramia, F., Mainero, C., Gragnani, F., et al. (2009) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2009.07.006 · Cited by 22
“Functional MR images were analyzed using SPM99 Software (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK) [44,45] according to the following procedure.”
Method
Measurements of brain activity complexity for varying mental loads
Dhamala, M., Pagnoni, G., Wiesenfeld, K. A., & Berns, G. S. (2002) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.65.041917 · Cited by 22
Reading in the dark: neural correlates and cross-modal plasticity for learning to read entire words without visual experience
Sigalov, N., Maidenbaum, S., & Amedi, A. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.009 · Cited by 20
Neural Differences in Bilingual Children's Arithmetic Processing Depending on Language of Instruction
Mondt, K., Struys, E., van den Noort, M., Balériaux, D. F., Metens, T., Paquier, P. F., de Craen, P. V., Bosch, P., & Denolin, V. (2011) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/j.1751-228x.2011.01113.x · Cited by 21
Brain Activation During Oral Exercises Used for Dysphagia Rehabilitation in Healthy Human Subjects: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Ogura, E., Matsuyama, M., Goto, T. K., et al. (2011) · Dysphagia · doi:10.1007/s00455-011-9374-9 · Cited by 21
Difference in Activity in the Supplementary Motor Area Depending on Limb Combination of Hand–Foot Coordinated Movements
Nakagawa, K., Kawashima, S., Mizuguchi, N., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00499 · Cited by 21
Attempts at memory control induce dysfunctional brain activation profiles in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An exploratory fMRI study
Diwadkar, V. A., Re, M., Cecchetto, F., Garzitto, M., Piccin, S., Bonivento, C., Maieron, M., D’Agostini, S., Balestrieri, M., & Brambilla, P. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.05.010 · Cited by 21
Hippocampal Formation Involvement in a Language‐activation Task in Patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Bartha, L., Mariën, P., Brenneis, C., et al. (2005) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00292.x · Cited by 21
Atlas‐based multichannel monitoring of functional MRI signals in real‐time: Automated approach
Lee, J., O’Leary, H. M., Park, H., Jolesz, F. A., & Yoo, S. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20377 · Cited by 20

Authors: Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., & Worsley, K. J.
Affiliations: National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
ORCID: Friston, Karl J.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1999-07
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-5
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0439
OpenAlex: W1966363088
Cited by: 814
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
Keywords: sample size, functional MRI, statistical inference, population inference, fixed effects model, random effects models, conjunction analysis, clinical neuroscience, functional anatomy, cohort size
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Research Design, Models, Statistical, Cohort Studies, Patient Selection

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