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How Many Subjects Constitute a Study?
Abstract
In fMRI there are two classes of inference: one aims to make a comment about the "typical" characteristics of a population, and the other about "average" characteristics. The first pertains to studies of normal subjects that try to identify some qualitative aspect of normal functional anatomy. The second class necessarily applies to clinical neuroscience studies that want to make an inference about quantitative differences of a regionally specific nature. The first class of inferences is adequately serviced by conjunction analyses and fixed-effects models with relatively small numbers of subjects. The second requires random-effect analyses and larger cohorts.
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“However, small sample sizes can be informative about typicality of a feature in a population, when features are identified in the majority of cases sampled[18].”
From In vivo PET imaging of neuroinflammation in familial frontotemporal dementia (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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Potential Reporting Bias in fMRI Studies of the Brain
David, S. P., Ware, J. J., Chu, I. M., Loftus, P. D., Fusar-Poli, P., Radua, J., Munafò, M. R., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070104 · Cited by 130
“Some authors have proposed optimal sample sizes of 16-32 subjects per group [19,20,21], suggesting that between-subject comparison studies of n,30 are too small even by liberal estimates.”
BackgroundDillon, D. G., Holmes, A. J., Jahn, A. L., Bogdan, R., Wald, L. L., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00594.x · Cited by 141
Self-citationHaller, S., & Bartsch, A. J. (2009) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-009-1456-9 · Cited by 139
“To estimate RE variance and ‘average’ activations particularly in patients reliably, larger cohorts are necessary [99].”
BackgroundIndovina, I., & Sanes, J. N. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0776 · Cited by 133
“We used a random-effect statistical approach under the general linear model to assess group differences in the representation patterns for movements of digits 1, 2, and 3 with a voxel-by-voxel analysis (Friston et al., 1999; Holmes and Friston, 1998).”
MethodLocalizing Value of Ictal–Interictal SPECT Analyzed by SPM (ISAS)
McNally, K. A., Paige, A. L., Varghese, G. I., Heping Zhang, D., Novotny, E. J., Spencer, S. S., Zubal, I. G., & Blumenfeld, H. (2005) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.06705.x · Cited by 132
Does caffeine modulate verbal working memory processes? An fMRI study
Koppelstaetter, F., Poeppel, T. D., Siedentopf, C. M., Ischebeck, A., Verius, M., Haala, I., Mottaghy, F. M., Rhomberg, P., Golaszewski, S., Gotwald, T., et al. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.037 · Cited by 126
“After that single subject model estimation calculated contrasts were entered into a second level analysis (random effects model) to assess group effects (Friston et al., 1999).”
Le, D. S. N. T., Pannacciulli, N., Chen, K., Salbe, A. D., Hill, J. O., Wing, R. R., Reiman, E. M., & Krakoff, J. A. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.3.573 · Cited by 134
Neural activity in speech-sensitive auditory cortex during silence
Hunter, M. D., Eickhoff, S. B., Miller, T. W. R., Farrow, T. F. D., Wilkinson, I. D., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506268103 · Cited by 135
Dissociable networks for the expectancy and perception of emotional stimuli in the human brain
Bermpohl, F., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Amedi, A., Merabet, L. B., Fregni, F., Gaab, N., Alsop, D. C., Schlaug, G., & Northoff, G. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.040 · Cited by 133
“For second-level random-effects analysis (Friston et al., 1999), these single-subject contrasts were entered into one-sample t tests across the 17 subjects.”
MethodSomato-motor inhibitory processing in humans: An event-related functional MRI study
Nakata, H., Sakamoto, K., Ferretti, A., Perrucci, M. G., Gratta, C. D., Kakigi, R., & Romani, G. L. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.041 · Cited by 136
“Then, subject-specific contrast images of parameter estimates were used for second-level analysis using a random-effect model (Friston et al., 1999) to make inferences at a population level.”
Rowe, J. B. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh111 · Cited by 141
“It enables inferences to be extended to the general population from which the subjects were drawn (Friston et al., 1999).”
BackgroundA number-form area in the blind
Abboud, S., Maidenbaum, S., Dehaene, S., & Amedi, A. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7026 · Cited by 144
“1B) in a hierarchical random-effects analysis 57 .”
Neural effects of mental fatigue caused by continuous attention load: A magnetoencephalography study
Tanaka, M., Ishii, A., & Watanabe, Y. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.009 · Cited by 130
fMRI Reveals How Pain Modulates Visual Object Processing in the Ventral Visual Stream
Bingel, U., Rose, M., Gläscher, J. P., & Büchel, C. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.032 · Cited by 129
Modality-Specific Cognitive Function of Medial and Lateral Human Brodmann Area 6
Tanaka, S., Honda, M., & Sadato, N. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4324-04.2005 · Cited by 128
“Group analysis was performed using anatomical normalization (Friston et al., 1995a) and a random effect model (Friston et al., 1999).”
Copland, D. A., de Zubicaray, G. I., McMahon, K. L., Wilson, S. J., Eastburn, M., & Chenery, H. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00279-9 · Cited by 130
“The resulting contrast images were entered into one-tailed t tests (df ϭ 11) in group random effects analyses to permit inferences about condition effects across participants (Friston et al., 1999).”
Power and sample size calculation for neuroimaging studies by non-central random field theory
Hayasaka, S., Peiffer, A., Hugenschmidt, C., & Laurienti, P. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.009 · Cited by 133
“This was later used to discuss power (Friston et al., 1996) and sample sizes (Friston et al., 1999) in neuroimaging data analyses from a theoretical perspective.”
MethodHuman cortical representation of oral temperature
Guest, S., Grabenhorst, F., Essick, G., Chen, Y., Young, M., McGlone, F., de Araujo, I., & Rolls, E. T. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.07.004 · Cited by 129
“We note that although with this number of subjects the results cannot necessarily be generalized from this group of subjects in which significant effects were found to the whole population [23], the effects described are statistically significant within this group of subjects, as described below.”
ResultNeuromagnetic Indicators of Tinnitus and Tinnitus Masking in Patients with and without Hearing Loss
Adjamian, P., Sereda, M., Zobay, O., Hall, D. A., & Palmer, A. R. (2012) · Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology · doi:10.1007/s10162-012-0340-5 · Cited by 132
“We had initially planned to recruit 16 participants in each of our experimental groups based on previously published guidelines for imaging studies (Friston et al. 1999).”
MethodAttention to 3-D Shape, 3-D Motion, and Texture in 3-D Structure from Motion Displays
Peuskens, H., Claeys, K. G., Todd, J. T., Norman, J. F., Hecke, P. V., & Orban, G. A. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904323057371 · Cited by 128
“The resulting contrast images from all subjects in the main experiment were entered into a random-effects analysis per contrast, using a one-sample t test in order to create a statistical parametric map, enabling the inference based on specific contrasts to be extended to the general population ( Friston, Holmes, & Wo…”
MethodIncreased self-monitoring during imagined movements in conversion paralysis
de Lange, F. P., Karin Roelofs, A., & Toni, I. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.002 · Cited by 128
How to Conduct a Functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI) Study in Social Science Research1
Dimoka, A. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703482 · Cited by 128
“Power calculation is complex because the fMRI images have tens of thousands of correlated voxels that raise the number of time-series data (Friston et al. 1996; Friston, Holmes, and Worsley 1999).”
BackgroundA physiological change in the homotopic cortex following left posterior temporal lobe infarction
Leff, A. P., Crinion, J., Scott, S. K., et al. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10181 · Cited by 126
Neural correlates of the individual emotional Stroop in borderline personality disorder
Wingenfeld, K., Rullkoetter, N., Mensebach, C., Beblo, T., Mertens, M., Kreisel, S., Toepper, M., Driessen, M., & Woermann, F. G. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.024 · Cited by 124
“Random effects were computed (Friston et al., 1999) to take into account within and between individual variability of changes of the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent contrast (BOLD).”
MethodMoriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Mori, T., Matsuda, H., & Komaki, G. (2007) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01687.x · Cited by 124
“To account for interindividual variance, all group analyses were computed using a random-effects model.(38) Group analysis across subjects involved a one-sample t-test on the whole brain images generated by pooling over the session the individual contrasts of task versus control activation for each subject.”
MethodThe Processing of Kinetic Contours in the Brain
Zeki, S. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/13.2.189 · Cited by 122
“Group results are based on a fixed-effects analysis, in which the reliability of the observations is assessed relative to within -subject variance, as is appropriate for establishing 'typical' features of the human brain (Friston et al., 1999).”
MethodKumari, V., Antonova, E., Geyer, M. A., Ffytche, D. H., Williams, S., & Sharma, T. (2006) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145706007139 · Cited by 121
“Data were analysed using a random-effect procedure (Friston et al., 1999).”
MethodNeural correlates of the ‘Aha! reaction’
Luo, J., Niki, K., & Phillips, S. D. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200409150-00004 · Cited by 118
“analysis, which is used to make inferences about a population from a small number of subjects [13], showed greater activity for difficult solution events relative to nonAha events in both left lateral PFC (BA47: 51, 17, 4; T1⁄45.”
MethodBohon, C., Stice, E. M., & Spoor, S. T. P. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20615 · Cited by 120
Sakamoto, H., Fukuda, R., Okuaki, T., Rogers, M. A., Kasai, K., Machida, T., Shirouzu, I., Yamasue, H., Akiyama, T., & Kato, N. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.032 · Cited by 122
Stančák, A., Kozák, J., Vrba, I., Tintěra, J., Vrána, J., Poláček, H., & Stančák, M. (2007) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.03.003 · Cited by 120
“The fixed-effect model, which is often adopted in explorations of generic aspects of functional brain architecture (Friston et al., 1999), was chosen over the random-effect model because of the limited number of patients in our study.”
MethodCaria, A., Venuti, P., & de Falco, S. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr084 · Cited by 118
“Second-level analysis in the AS group was obtained using a fixed-effect analysis following guidelines provided in Friston et al. (1999).”
BackgroundMethodImplicit and explicit processing of kanji and kana words and non-words studied with fMRI
Thuy, D. H. D., Matsuo, K., Nakamura, K., Toma, K., Oga, T., Nakai, T., Shibasaki, H., & Fukuyama, H. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.059 · Cited by 119
Individual Variability in Brain Activity: A Nuisance or an Opportunity?
Horn, J. D. V., Grafton, S. T., & Miller, M. B. (2008) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-008-9049-9 · Cited by 124
“The underlying assumption of a random-effects group map is that activity in a particular region that is found in one subject but not the rest of the subjects represents random variation (Friston et al. 1999).”
Villiger, M., Estévez, N., Hepp‐Reymond, M., Kiper, D., Kollias, S., Eng, K., & Boendermaker, S. H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072403 · Cited by 120
“Data were analyzed using a random-effect model to allow for population inferences [41].”
MethodNeural correlates of associative learning and memory in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Geuze, E., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Ruf, M., de Kloet, C. S., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.06.007 · Cited by 122
Cerebral Changes during Performance of Overlearned Arbitrary Visuomotor Associations
Grol, M. J., de Lange, F. P., Verstraten, F. A. J., Passingham, R. E., & Toni, I. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2786-05.2006 · Cited by 117
“Contrasts of the parameter estimates for the main effects and task time interactions were calculated and entered into a one-way, repeated measures ANOVA with subjects as a random variable (Friston et al., 1999).”
MethodTal, N., & Amedi, A. (2009) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1949-4 · Cited by 120
“Statistical group analysis in the general linear model (GLM, Friston et al. 1995, 1999 ) was calculated using hierarchical random eVects model analysis allowing for generalization of the results to the population level.”
MethodBrain Activation Changes Before and After PAP Treatment in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Castronovo, V., Canessa, N., Ferini‐Strambi, L., Aloia, M. S., Consonni, M., Marelli, S., Iadanza, A., Bruschi, A., Falini, A., & Cappa, S. F. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.9.1161 · Cited by 117
Brain activation during the perception of distorted body images in eating disorders
Miyake, Y., Okamoto, Y., Onoda, K., Kurosaki, M., Shirao, N., Okamoto, Y., & Yamawaki, S. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.09.001 · Cited by 118
Miller, M. B., Donovan, C.-L., Bennett, C. M., Aminoff, E., & Mayer, R. E. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.060 · Cited by 113
“For fMRI in particular, this demand to average data across individuals is compounded by the fact that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the BOLD signal is very low (Friston et al., 1999) and that false positives due to the low SNR are far too common (Bennett et al., 2010).”
Kumari, V., PETERS, E. R., Fannon, D. G., Antonova, E., Premkumar, P., Anilkumar, A. P., Williams, S., & Kuipers, E. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.036 · Cited by 117
Response preferences for “what” and “where” in human non-primary auditory cortex
Barrett, D., & Hall, D. A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.050 · Cited by 117
Tactile–visual cross-modal shape matching: a functional MRI study
Saito, D. N., Okada, T., Morita, Y., Yonekura, Y., & Sadato, N. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00076-4 · Cited by 115
Politics on the brain: An fMRI investigation
Knutson, K. M., Wood, J. N., Spampinato, M. V., & Grafman, J. H. (2006) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910600670603 · Cited by 119
“These analyses also allow inferences to be made regarding the population in general rather than the specific participants in the experiment (Friston, Holmes, & Worsley, 1999 ).”
BackgroundEvidence for bilateral involvement in idiom comprehension: An fMRI study
Zempleni, M., Haverkort, M., Renken, R. J., & Stowe, L. A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.049 · Cited by 116
“These beta estimates were entered into a random effects second level ANOVA analysis (Henson and Penny, 2005; Penny et al., 2003; Friston et al., 1999).”
MethodFunctionally Segregated Neural Substrates for Arbitrary Audiovisual Paired-Association Learning
Tanabe, H. C., Honda, M., & Sadato, N. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0636-05.2005 · Cited by 116
Ohnishi, T., Moriguchi, Y., Matsuda, H., Mori, T., Hirakata, M., Imabayashi, E., Hirao, K., Nemoto, K., Kaga, M., Inagaki, M., et al. (2004) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000127464.17770.1f · Cited by 114
“To account for inter-individual variance, all group analyses were computed using a random-effects model [12].”
MethodExtensive Cochleotopic Mapping of Human Auditory Cortical Fields Obtained with Phase-Encoding fMRI
Striem-Amit, E., Hertz, U., & Amedi, A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017832 · Cited by 118
“S2, S6, S8, and by applying a similarity measure of alignment index) but also to look for consistent large-scale results in the group level (for review on the importance of this approach combined with single subject analysis see [65]).”
MethodResultInfluentialDio, C. D., Ardizzi, M., Massaro, D., Cesare, G. D., Gilli, G., Marchetti, A., & Gallese, V. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00705 · Cited by 122
Imaging Plasticity in Cochlear Implant Patients
Giraud, A. L., Truy, É., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2001) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000046847 · Cited by 112
“In theory, inferences relevant to populations of such patients require experiments that are designed according to a random-effects model that requires a relatively large number of subjects per group [Friston et al., 1999].”
Rapid amygdala gamma oscillations in response to fearful facial expressions
Sato, W., Kochiyama, T., Uono, S., Matsuda, K., Usui, K., Inoue, Y., & Toichi, M. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.025 · Cited by 113
Spatial coding of visual and somatic sensory information in body‐centred coordinates
Galati, G., Committeri, G., Sanes, J. N., & Pizzamiglio, L. (2001) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01674.x · Cited by 110
“With these precautions, participants could only see a dimly lighted semicircular screen on a dark background.”
BackgroundMethodImitation and observational learning of hand actions: Prefrontal involvement and connectivity
Higuchi, S., Holle, H., Roberts, N., Eickhoff, S. B., & Vogt, S. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.021 · Cited by 120
“Data were analysed using a random-effects model (Friston et al., 1999), implemented in a two-level procedure.”
MethodBrain activation during odor perception in males and females
Bengtsson, S., Berglund, H., Gulyás, B. Z., Cohen, E., & Savic, I. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200107030-00048 · Cited by 111
Lee, C., Tsai, J.-L., Kuo, W., Yeh, T., Wu, Y., Ho, L., Hung, D. L., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hsieh, J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.064 · Cited by 112
“The random-effect model takes into account the individual variance so that the results on the population level will not be biased by prominent individual(s) (Friston et al., 1999).”
Seidman, L. J., Thermenos, H. W., Poldrack, R. A., Peace, N. N., KOCH, J., Faraone, S. V., & Tsuang, M. T. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.019 · Cited by 110
“To test our hypothesis that there are between-group differences in the DLPFC and parietal cortex, contrast images for each subject were submitted to a secondlevel, random-effects analysis, using a two-sample ttest (Friston et al., 1999).”
MethodTanaka, S., & Inui, T. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200209160-00005 · Cited by 109
A Mirror Representation of Others' Actions in the Human Anterior Parietal Cortex
Shmuelof, L., & Zohary, E. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1836-06.2006 · Cited by 110
“2, 6) were calculated using a hierarchical random-effects model analysis ( Friston et al., 1999 ).”
MethodNeural correlates of the complexity of rhythmic finger tapping
Dhamala, M., Pagnoni, G., Wiesenfeld, K. A., et al. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00304-5 · Cited by 109
“The data were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM99; Wellcome Department of Cognitive Fig.”
The impact of individual differences on the neural circuitry underlying sadness
Eugène, F., Lévesque, J., Mensour, B., Leroux, J., Beaudoin, G., Bourgouin, P. M., & Beauregard, M. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00121-6 · Cited by 109
“A sample size of 8 to 16 subjects is usually considered sufficient for random-effects analyses to be used (Friston et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTurner, C. E., Byblow, W. D., Stinear, C. M., & Gant, N. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.020 · Cited by 115
Modulation of working-memory maintenance by directed attention
Lepsien, J., Thornton, I. M., & Nobre, A. C. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.011 · Cited by 118
The neural basis of unconditional love
Beauregard, M., Courtemanche, J., Paquette, V., & St-Pierre, É. L. (2009) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.11.003 · Cited by 106
“In this procedure, the significance values assigned to each voxel indicate the likelihood of its being activated in the whole population from which the sample has been drawn (Friston et al., 1999).”
Right hemisphere has the last laugh: neural dynamics of joke appreciation
Marinković, K., Baldwin, S., Courtney, M. G., Witzel, T., Dale, A. M., & Halgren, E. (2010) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-010-0017-7 · Cited by 109
“To further explore the statistical significance of the comparisons between conditions that would permit generalization of the effects to the population, analogous to random-effect analysis in fMRI (Friston et al., 1999), ROIs were chosen for the relevant areas on the cortical surface.”
MethodDissociating Frontotemporal Contributions to Semantic Ambiguity Resolution in Spoken Sentences
Rodd, J. M., Johnsrude, I. S., & Davis, M. H. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr252 · Cited by 109
“Images containing the contrasts of parameter estimates for these different conditions were entered into second-level group analyses in which intersubject variation was treated as a random effect (Friston et al. 1999).”
MethodTanabe, H. C., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Koike, T., Hayashi, M. J., Izuma, K., Komeda, H., Ishitobi, M., Omori, M., Munesue, T., et al. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00268 · Cited by 103
Cinguloparietal Atrophy Distinguishes Alzheimer Disease From Semantic Dementia
Boxer, A. L., Rankin, K. P., Miller, B. L., Schuff, N. W., Weiner, M. W., Gorno-Tempini, M.-L., & Rosen, H. J. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.7.949 · Cited by 105
“Analysis of 10 to 14 individuals is considered sufficient to demonstrate group effects using statistical parametric mapping to analyze functional imaging data of much smaller effect size than the structural imaging data analyzed here.(38) RESULTS”
MethodNeuropsychological deficits and neural dysfunction in familial dyslexia
Brambati, S. M., Termine, C., Ruffino, M., Danna, M., Lanzi, G., Stella, G., Cappa, S. F., & Perani, D. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.099 · Cited by 104
Materna, S., Dicke, P. W., & Thier, P. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20.1.108 · Cited by 121
Neural Correlates of the Spontaneous Phase Transition during Bimanual Coordination
Aramaki, Y., Honda, M., Okada, T., & Sadato, N. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj075 · Cited by 106
Sadato, N., Okada, T., Honda, M., Matsuki, K.-I., Yoshida, M., Kashikura, K., Takei, W., Sato, T., Kochiyama, T., & Yonekura, Y. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh210 · Cited by 108
“Group Analysis with the Random-effect Model The weighted sum of the parameter estimates in the individual analysis constituted 'contrast' images that were used for the group analysis (Friston et al., 1999a).”
InfluentialYoo, S., Lee, J., O'Leary, H., Panych, L. P., & Jolesz, F. A. (2008) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.20139 · Cited by 101
“These contrast images were then entered into a second-level group analysis using a random-effects model [Friston et al., 1999], which compared the activation of three different trial conditions between the two groups.”
MethodMiyake, Y., Okamoto, Y., Onoda, K., Shirao, N., Okamoto, Y., Otagaki, Y., & Yamawaki, S. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.095 · Cited by 102
“We conducted group analyses according to a random effect model that permitted inference to the general population (Friston et al., 1999).”
Publication Bias in Neuroimaging Research: Implications for Meta-Analyses
Jennings, R. G., & Horn, J. D. V. (2011) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-011-9125-y · Cited by 105
“This practice has been defended by Friston et al. (1999), who have argued that fixed-effects analyses are adequately serviced through voxel-wise general linear models and conjunction-based analyses based upon samples of at least 6 subjects, whereas only experiments comparing two or more samples…”
MethodMullins, P. G. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12411 · Cited by 101
Neuronal correlates of gastric pain induced by fundus distension: a 3T‐fMRI study
Lu, C., Wu, Y., Yeh, T.-C., Chen, L., Chang, F. Y., Lee, S., Ho, L. ‐., & Hsieh, J. (2004) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00562.x · Cited by 100
Materna, S., Dicke, P. W., & Thier, P. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20008 · Cited by 102
“For the group analysis, single-subject contrast images were analyzed at a second level using a random effects model, comparing the average activation for a given voxel with the variability of that activation over the examined population ( Friston, Holmes, & Worsley, 1999 ).”
MethodMultiple Movement Representations in the Human Brain: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Toni, I., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., Thoenissen, D., Passingham, R. E., & Zilles, K. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260138663 · Cited by 99
Group analysis in functional neuroimaging: selecting subjects using similarity measures
Kherif, F. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.018 · Cited by 100
Modafinil modulates anterior cingulate function in chronic schizophrenia
Spence, S. A., Green, R. D., Wilkinson, I. D., & Hunter, M. D. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.1.55 · Cited by 99
“Such an analysis is mandatory in psychopharmacological designs where the main effect of interest exists only between distinct scanning sessions (i.e., modafinil v. placebo; Friston et al, 1999).”
Self-responsibility and the self-serving bias: an fMRI investigation of causal attributions
Blackwood, N. J., Bentall, R. P., ffytche, D. H., Simmons, A., Murray, R. M., & Howard, R. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00331-8 · Cited by 101
Thermenos, H. W., Seidman, L. J., Breiter, H., Goldstein, J. M., Goodman, J. M., Poldrack, R. A., Faraone, S. V., & Tsuang, M. T. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.014 · Cited by 100
Neurobiological regret and rejoice functions for aversive outcomes
Chandrasekhar, P. V. S., Capra, C. M., Moore, S. E., NOUSSAIR, C. N., & Berns, G. S. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.027 · Cited by 100
“Each subject’s fMRI data was analyzed with a first level general linear model (Friston et al., 1995a; Friston et al., 1995b), and group data were analyzed with a random effects model at the second level (Friston et al., 1999).”
MethodFoucher, J., Otzenberger, H., & Gounot, D. (2003) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-4-22 · Cited by 100
“001 uncorrected, cluster size > 100 voxels = 800 mm3), and ii) multi-subject conjunction analysis to allow the extrapolation of the results obtained to the population [66,67].”
Structure-seeking multilinear methods for the analysis of fMRI data
Andersen, A. H., & Rayens, W. S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.02.026 · Cited by 99
Kitada, R., Kito, T., Saito, D. N., Kochiyama, T., Matsumura, M., Sadato, N., & Lederman, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0822-06.2006 · Cited by 98
“The weighted sum of the parameter estimates in an individual analysis constituted contrast images , which were used for the group analysis (Holmes and Friston, 1998; Friston et al., 1999).”
Contralateral Coding of Imagined Body Parts in the Superior Parietal Lobe
Wolbers, T. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/13.4.392 · Cited by 100
“(Friston et al., 1999) was applied to obtain results that could be generalized beyond the subjects taking part in this study.”
ResultWalter, H., Bretschneider, V., Grön, G., Zurowski, B., Wunderlich, A. P., Tomczak, R., & Spitzer, M. (2003) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70869-4 · Cited by 98
On the Programming and Reprogramming of Actions
Mars, R. B., Piekema, C., COLES, M. G. H., Hulstijn, W., & Toni, I. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm022 · Cited by 101
“Contrasts of the parameter estimates for the main effects of all correct trial events were calculated and entered into a 1-way, repeated-measures ANOVA treating subjects as a random variable (Friston et al. 1999) and correcting for nonsphericity at each voxel.”
MethodSubcortical reorganization in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Konrad, C., Jansen, A., Henningsen, H., Sommer, J. B., Turski, P. A., Brooks, B. R., & Knecht, S. (2006) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0352-7 · Cited by 99
Lin, C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094300 · Cited by 96
“The fixed-effect (FE) model was suggested for a study with a small sample size [54]; however, it was only applied in one of the small-sample-size studies [8].”
MethodFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) item analysis of empathy and theory of mind
Tholen, M. G., Trautwein, F., Böckler, A., Singer, T., & Kanske, P. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24966 · Cited by 100
Odor processing in multiple chemical sensitivity
Hillert, L., Musabasic, V., Berglund, H., Ciumas, C., & Savic, I. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20266 · Cited by 96
Schmithorst, V. J., & Holland, S. K. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.010 · Cited by 99
“The General Linear Model (Friston et al., 1995, 1999; Worsley and Friston, 1995) was used to analyze the data in order to find regions of activation associated with full-scale IQ (FSIQ).”
MethodCerebellar Involvement in Response Reassignment Rather Than Attention
Bischoff‐Grethe, A., Ivry, R. B., & Grafton, S. T. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-02-00546.2002 · Cited by 95
“The data were analyzed using a random-effects model to make statistical inferences (Friston et al., 1999).”
MethodA disconnection account of Gerstmann syndrome: Functional neuroanatomy evidence
Rusconi, E., Pinel, P., Eger, E., Bihan, D. L., Thirion, B., Dehaene, S., & Kleinschmidt, A. K. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21776 · Cited by 92
Hayashi, M. J., Saito, D. N., Aramaki, Y., Asai, T., Fujibayashi, Y., & Sadato, N. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn053 · Cited by 94
“The weighted sum of the parameter estimates in the individual analysis constituted ‘‘contrast’’ images, which were used for the group analysis (Friston et al. 1999).”
MethodMemory Traces of Pain in Human Cortex
Albanese, M., Duerden, E. G., Rainville, P., & Duncan, G. H. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0695-07.2007 · Cited by 92
“All statistical contrasts conducted for the group analyses were performed using a random-effect GLM (Friston et al., 1999), and results were corrected for multiple comparisons for the specific search volume, as indicated above.”
MethodNeural dysfunction and violence in schizophrenia: An fMRI investigation
Kumari, V., Aasen, I., Taylor, P. J., Ffytche, D. H., Das, M., Barkataki, I., Goswami, S., O’Connell, P. E., Howlett, M. P., Williams, S., et al. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.02.017 · Cited by 92
“Data were analysed using a two-stage random effect procedure (Friston et al., 1999).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., & Worsley, K. J.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- ORCID
- Friston, Karl J.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-5
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966363088
- Cited by
- 814
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- sample size, functional MRI, statistical inference, population inference, fixed effects model, random effects models, conjunction analysis, clinical neuroscience, functional anatomy, cohort size
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Research Design, Models, Statistical, Cohort Studies, Patient Selection
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