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Cited by 2,592Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsExperimental Behavioral Economics StudiesBehavioral Health and Interventions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects

Levin, Irwin P., Schneider, Sandra L., Gaeth, Gary J.·1998·Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
DOI 10.1006/obhd.1998.2804
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Abstract

Accentuate the positive or accentuate the negative? The literature has been mixed as to how the alternative framing of information in positive or negative terms affects judgments and decisions. We argue that this is because different studies have employed different operational definitions of framing and thus have tapped different underlying processes. We develop a typology to distinguish between three different kinds of valence framing effects. First we discuss the standard risky choice framing effect introduced by Tversky and Kahneman (1981) to illustrate how valence affects willingness to take a risk. Then we discuss attribute framing, which affects the evaluation of object or event characteristics, and goal framing, which affects the persuasiveness of a communication. We describe the distinctions, provide a number of examples of each type, and discuss likely theoretical mechanisms underlying each type of framing effect. Our typology helps explain and resolve apparent confusions in the literature, ties together studies with common underlying mechanisms, and serves as a guide to future research and theory development. We conclude that a broader perspective, focused on the cognitive and motivational consequences of valence-based encoding, opens the door to a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of framing effects. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

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3 of the 134 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Emby, 1994, Framing and presentation mode effects in professional judgment: Auditors' internal control judgments and substantive testing decisions, Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 13, 102
  2. Levin, 1987, Associative effects of information framing, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 25, 85, 10.3758/BF03330291 · DOI
  3. Wilson, 1987, Framing of decisions and selections of alternatives in health care, Social Behaviour, 2, 51

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Metadata

Authors
Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Iowa (US)
  • University of South Florida (US)
Corresponding author
Levin, Irwin P.
ORCID
Venue
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1998-11
Volume
76
Issue
2
Pages
149-188
ISSN
0749-5978 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1006/obhd.1998.2804
OpenAlex
W2080612551
Cited by
2,592
References
134
Citations by year
2026: 105 · 2025: 151 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 165 · 2020: 180 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 151 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 102
FWCI
11.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords
framing effects, valence framing, positive and negative framing, decision making under risk, attribute framing, goal framing, persuasion, risk-taking

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