Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information.
Abstract
One of the functions of automatic stimulus evaluation is to direct attention toward events that may have undesirable consequences for the perceiver's well-being. To test whether attentional resources are automatically directed away from an attended task to undesirable stimuli, Ss named the colors in which desirable and undesirable traits (e.g., honest, sadistic) appeared. Across 3 experiments, color-naming latencies were consistently longer for undesirable traits but did not differ within the desirable and undesirable categories. In Experiment 2, Ss also showed more incidental learning for undesirable traits, as predicted by the automatic vigilance (but not a perceptual defense) hypothesis. In Experiment 3, a diagnosticity (or base-rate) explanation of the vigilance effect was ruled out. The implications for deliberate processing in person perception and stereotyping are discussed.
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Personally relevant circumstances that elicit negative emotions should reliably interrupt people's actions and capture their attention, both psychologically and physiologically.
“we concur with other theorists that personally relevant circumstances that elicit negative emotions should reliably interrupt people's actions and capture their attention, both psychologically and physiologically (Levenson, 1994;Mandler, 1984;Pratto & John, 1991;Simon, 1967;Tomkins, 1995).”
From The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions (2000) · cites this paper as Pratto & John, 1991
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- Authors
- Pratto, F., & John, O. P.
- ORCID
- John, Oliver P.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 380-391
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1990364059
- Cited by
- 1,592
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 44.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh039077-08)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- attentional capture, color naming, incidental learning, perceptual defense, person perception, stereotyping, trait evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Attention, Color Perception, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Reaction Time, Social Desirability, Social Perception
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