Fundamentals of Clinical Trials
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The tradition of using pilot studies to estimate between group effect sizes for designing subsequent larger scale hypothesis testing studies is ill-founded.
“There has been a venerable tradition of using pilot studies to estimate between group effect sizes that, in turn, are used to inform the design of subsequent larger scale hypothesis testing studies. Despite it widespread use, it has been argued that the tradition is ill-founded. (Friedman, Furberg and DeMets, 1998; Kraemer et al., 2006)”
From The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research (2011) · cites this paper as Friedman, Furberg and DeMets, 1998
Cited by
Sorted by citations
External validity of randomised controlled trials: “To whom do the results of this trial apply?”
Rothwell, P. M. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8 · Cited by 2,544 · see citing works
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2012) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2011.10.001 · Cited by 2,345 · see citing works
The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research
Leon, A. C., Davis, L. L., & Kraemer, H. C. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.008 · Cited by 1,917 · see citing works
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.004 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies
Saatman, K. E., Duhaime, A.-C., Bullock, R., Maas, A. I. R., Valadka, A., & Manley, G. T. (2008) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0586 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Statistical Considerations in the Intent-to-Treat Principle
Lachin, J. M. (2000) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(00)00046-5 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Bolton, P., Bass, J., Betancourt, T., Speelman, L., Onyango, G., Clougherty, K. F., Neugebauer, R., Murray, L., & Verdeli, H. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.5.519 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Koumantakis, G. A., Watson, P. J., & Oldham, J. A. (2005) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/85.3.209 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Sephton, S. E., Salmon, P., Weissbecker, I., Ulmer, C., Floyd, A., Hoover, K., & Studts, J. L. (2007) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.22478 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Brown, C. H., Wang, W., Kellam, S. G., Muthén, B. O., Petras, H., Toyinbo, P., Poduska, J., Ialongo, N., Wyman, P. A., Chamberlain, P., et al. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.013 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Recruitment, Retention, and Blinding in Clinical Trials
Page, S. J., & Persch, A. C. (2013) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.006197 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Collins, T. C., Lunos, S., Carlson, T., Henderson, K., Lightbourne, M., Nelson, B., & Hodges, J. S. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2399 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
El-Mallakh, R. S., Vöhringer, P. A., Ostacher, M. M., Baldassano, C. F., Holtzman, N. S., Whitham, E. A., Thommi, S. B., Goodwin, F. K., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.054 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Taylor, D. J., Zimmerman, M. R., Gardner, C. E., Williams, J. M., Grieser, E. A., Tatum, J. I., Bramoweth, A. D., Francetich, J. M., & Ruggero, C. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.12.010 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Hill, M. D., & Palesch, Y. (2015) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280212436447 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Sample size and power calculations with correlated binary data
Pan, W. (2001) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(01)00131-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Friedberg, J. P., Lipsitz, S. R., & Natarajan, S. (2010) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.04.009 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Currier, G. W., Fisher, S. G., & Caine, E. D. (2010) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00619.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Fernandez-Quilez, A. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00161-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The alpha spending function approach to interim data analyses
DeMets, D. L., & Lan, G. (1995) · Cancer Treatment and Research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2009-2_1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, X.-Q., Krasuski, R. A., Baer, J., Whitney, E. J., Neradilek, B., Chait, A., Marcovina, S., Albers, J. J., & Brown, B. G. (2009) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.07.035 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sufficiently important difference for common cold: severity reduction
Barrett, B., Harahan, B., Brown, D., Zhang, Z., & Brown, R. (2007) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.698 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Randomized controlled trials: what are they and who needs them?
Pihlstrom, B. L., Curran, A. E., Voelker, H. T., & Kingman, A. (2012) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00439.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Green Healthcare System: Main Features in Supporting Sustainability of Healthcare System—A Review
Fadda, J. (2020) · Innovative Renewable Energy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30841-4_8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., & DeMets, D. L.
- ORCID
- DeMets, David L.
- Venue
- Springer eBooks
- Publisher
- Springer New York
- Published
- 1998
- OpenAlex
- W4301655662
- Cited by
- 873
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- clinical trials, trial design, randomization, blinding, sample size determination, hypothesis testing, statistical inference
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
