The nervous systems of Cnidarians
Abstract
Cnidarians have simple nervous systems and it was probably within this group or a closely-related ancestor that nervous systems first evolved. The basic plan of the cnidarian nervous system is that of a nerve net which, at some locations, has condensed to form nerve plexuses, or circular or longitudinal nerve tracts which may be syncytia. At the ultrastructural level, many cnidarian neurons have the combined characteristics of sensory, motor, inter- and neurosecretory neurons and thus appear to be multifunctional. We propose that these multifunctional neurons resemble the ancestors of the more specialized neurons that we find in higher animals today. The primitive nervous system of cnidarians is strongly peptidergic: from a single sea anemone species Anthopleura elegantissima, we have now isolated 16 different novel neuropeptides. These peptides are biologically active and cause inhibitions or contractions in muscle preparations or isolated muscle cells from sea anemones. The various peptides are located in at least six distinct sets of neurons showing that sea anemone neurons have already specialized with respect to their peptide content. Using immuno-electronmicroscopy, we have found that the peptides are located in neuronal dense-cored vesicles associated with both synaptic and non-synaptic release sites. All these data indicate that evolutionarily "old" nervous systems use peptides as transmitters. We have also investigated the biosynthesis of the cnidarian neuropeptides. These neuropeptides are made as large precursor proteins which contain multiple (up to 36) copies of immature neuropeptides. Thus, the biosynthesis of neuropeptides in cnidarians is very efficient and comparable to that of higher invertebrates, such as molluscs and insects, and vertebrates.
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The presence of a well-developed nerve net correlates with the presence of basiepithelial muscle fibres directly innervated by nerve net neurons in cnidarians and ctenophores.
“The presence of a well-developed nerve net correlates with the presence of basiepithelial muscle fibres directly innervated by nerve net neurons, in cnidarians and in ctenophores [61,67,128,132,133,135,136,138–142].”
From Gastric pouches and the mucociliary sole: setting the stage for nervous system evolution (2015) · cites this paper as [139]
Direct sensory-motor neurons innervating muscles can still be observed in cnidarian nervous systems.
“In support of the neuro-myoepithelial cell scenario, direct sensory-motor neurons, innervating muscles, can still be observed in cnidarian nervous systems.”
From Origin and early evolution of neural circuits for the control of ciliary locomotion (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
Direct sensory-motor neurons innervating muscles were described in the tentacles of Hydra and the sea anemone Aiptasia.
“They were described in the tentacles of Hydra [60–63] and the sea anemone Aiptasia [64].”
From Origin and early evolution of neural circuits for the control of ciliary locomotion (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
These neurons trigger local muscle contractions.
“These neurons trigger local muscle contractions.”
From Origin and early evolution of neural circuits for the control of ciliary locomotion (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Grimmelikhuijzen, C. J. P., & Westfall, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Kansas State University (US)
- Venue
- Experientia Supplementum
- Publisher
- Birkhäuser Basel
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 7-24
- ISSN
- 1023-294X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W114860795
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r01ns010264-15a1)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-10264)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- cnidarian nervous system, nerve net, nerve plexus, neurosecretory cells, neuropeptides, Anthopleura elegantissima, sea anemone, peptidergic neurotransmission, neuropeptide biosynthesis, precursor protein, dense core vesicles, nervous system evolution, muscle contraction
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cnidaria, Molecular Sequence Data, Nervous System, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Synaptic Transmission, Neuropeptides, Species Specificity, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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