Gene structure and larval expression of cnox-2Am from the coral Acropora millepora
Abstract
We have cloned a Hox-like gene, cnox-2Am, from a staghorn coral, Acropora millepora, an anthozoan cnidarian, and characterised its embryonic and larval expression. cnox-2Am and its orthologs in other cnidarians and Trichoplax most closely resemble the Gsx and, to a lesser extent, Hox 3/4 proteins. Developmental northern blots and in situ hybridisation are consistent in showing that cnox-2Am message appears in the planula larva shortly after the oral/aboral axis is formed following gastrulation. Expression is localised in scattered ectodermal cells with a restricted distribution along the oral/aboral body axis. They are most abundant along the sides of the cylindrical larva, rare in the oral region and absent from the aboral region. These cells, which on morphological grounds we believe to be neurons, are of two types; one tri-or multipolar near the basement membrane and a second extending projections in both directions from a mid-ectodermal nucleus. Anti-RFamide staining reveals neurons with a similar morphology to the cnox-2Am-expressing cells. However, RFamide-expressing neurons are more abundant, especially at the aboral end of the planula, where there is no cnox-2Am expression. The pattern of expression of cnox-2Am resembles that of Gsx orthologs in Drosophila and vertebrates in being expressed in a spatially restricted portion of the nervous system.
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Gsx is a representative of the ParaHox gene Gsx.
“They are clearly representatives of the ParaHox gene Gsx (Fig. 2C) (Hayward et al., 2001).”
From Conservation of Hox/ParaHox-Related Genes in the Early Development of a Cnidarian (2001) · cites this paper as Hayward et al., 2001
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Guerrini, G., Shefy, D., Shashar, N., Shafir, S., & Rinkevich, B. (2020) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.290 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Amplatz, K., Zieger, E., Abed‐Navandi, D., Weissenbacher, A., & Wanninger, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1324980 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Microbiome manipulation by corals and other Cnidaria via quorum quenching
Mason, B. M., Hayward, D. C., Moya, A., Cooke, I., Sorenson, A. E., Brunner, R., Andrade-Rodriguez, N., Huerlimann, R., Bourne, D. G., Schaeffer, P. M., et al. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.073 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Molecular control of development in the reef coral, Acropora millepora
Ball, E. E., Hayward, D. C., Catmull, J., Reece-Hoyes, J. S., Hislop, N. R., Harrison, P. L., & Miller, D. J. (2002) · ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bacterial regulation of coral larval metamorphosis and settlement in Pocillopora damicornis
Guo, X., Zhang, Y., Tang, X., Yang, Q., Sun, H., Ling, J., Dong, J., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08720-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
"A Key Innovation in Animal Evolution, the Emergence of Neurogenesis
Galliot, B. (2010) · Science Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10425-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Characterization of the Wnt signalling system in the coral Acropora millepora
Ukolova, S. (2023) · ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) · doi:10.25903/eyhz-7977 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Initiation of mineralization in coral swimming planula
Okubo, N., Yamamoto, H., & Okaji, K. (2025) · Galaxea Journal of Coral Reef Studies · doi:10.3755/galaxea.g27-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Brunner, R., Grinblat, M., Moya, A., Forêt, S., Hayward, D. C., Lapeyre, B., Ball, E. E., Cooke, I., & Miller, D. J. (2026) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-026-02507-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Live autofluorescence in planulae of Acropora tenuis
Fujiwara, E., MATSUSHIMA, K., & Hatta, M. (2012) · Galaxea Journal of Coral Reef Studies · doi:10.3755/galaxea.14.61 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Galliot, B. (2010) · Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ball, E. E., de Jong, D., Schierwater, B., Shinzato, C., Hayward, D. C., & Miller, D. J. (2010) · Science Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10425-12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The role of the histone variant H2A.Z in early Xenopus laevis development
Brown, K. D. (2007) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d7a282977819
Conservation of the retinal determination gene cascade in the jellyfish "Cladonema radiatum"
Graziussi, D. (2008) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-004670209
Márquez, L. M. (2002) · ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University)
The genetic landscape of Caribbean Acropora corals
Hemond, E. M. (2014) · doi:10.17760/d20128360
Ramon-Mateu, J. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d797b2bfz57b2z48bdz9d28z5bc9fb931a34
Spatially organized mineral accumulation in coral embryos prior to settlement
Okubo, N., Tanaka, S., Imoto, C., Seno, S., Yasuda, N., Nagata, F., Nonaka, M., & Ohno, T. (2026) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-026-02949-1
- Authors
- C. Hayward, D., Catmull, J., Reece-Hoyes, J. S., Berghammer, H., Dodd, H., Hann, S. J., Miller, D. J., & Ball, E. E.
- Affiliations
- James Cook University (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Ball, Eldon E.
- Venue
- Development Genes and Evolution
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 211
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-19
- ISSN
- 0043-5546 (ISSN-L)
- 0949-944X
- 1432-041X
- OpenAlex
- W2032159214
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Development Genes and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- James Cook University
- Australian Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Keywords
- Acropora millepora, coral development, planula larvae, larval gene expression, cnidarian nervous system, RFamide, oral-aboral axis, gene structure, Trichoplax
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cnidaria, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Genes, Homeobox, Immunohistochemistry, Larva, Molecular Sequence Data, Neurons, Neuropeptides, Phylogeny, Blotting, Northern, Protozoan Proteins, Sequence Alignment, In Situ Hybridization, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Homeodomain Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Embryonic Development
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