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Design and Implementation of a Secure Modbus Protocol
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“Our solution overheads only 1.6% time delay compared to 66% time delay or latency as per [51].It adds 4% overhead on frame size, compared to 291% as per [33].”
From Detection and Blocking of Replay, False Command, and False Access Injection Commands in SCADA Systems with Modbus Protocol (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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“It adds 4% overhead on frame size, compared to 291% as per [33].”
From Detection and Blocking of Replay, False Command, and False Access Injection Commands in SCADA Systems with Modbus Protocol (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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“However, both of these works do not consider the confidentiality requirement for Modbus messages, as they are usually implemented using cryptography, which is expensive and presents a considerable overhead that can affect the performance in real-time communication [15,16].”
From Enhanced Modbus/TCP Security Protocol: Authentication and Authorization Functions Supported (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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Cyber–Physical System Security for the Electric Power Grid
Sridhar, S., Hahn, A., & Govindarasu, M. (2011) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2011.2165269 · Cited by 1,219
Cyber-Physical Systems Security—A Survey
Humayed, A., Lin, J., Li, F., & Luo, B. (2017) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2017.2703172 · Cited by 1,185
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“Authors in [102] describe a modified version of the Modbus protocol that utilizes anti-replay techniques and authentication mechanisms.”
BackgroundIntegration of IoT in building energy infrastructure: A critical review on challenges and solutions
Moudgil, V., Hewage, K., Hussain, S. A., & Sadiq, R. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.113121 · Cited by 124
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Volkova, A., Niedermeier, M., Basmadjian, R., & de Meer, H. (2018) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2872114 · Cited by 118
“, in [28] (referred to as Modbus-F2009 from here on), [29] (referred to as Modbus-S2015 from here on), and [30] (referred to as Modbus-A2018 from here on).”
BackgroundAutonomous mitigation of cyber risks in the Cyber–Physical Systems
Kholidy, H. A. (2020) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2020.09.002 · Cited by 100
Alves, T., Das, R., & Morris, T. H. (2018) · IEEE Embedded Systems Letters · doi:10.1109/les.2018.2823906 · Cited by 91
Review on cyber vulnerabilities of communication protocols in industrial control systems
Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Li, T., Ju, J., & Wang, Q. (2017) · IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2) · doi:10.1109/ei2.2017.8245509 · Cited by 90
An experimental platform for assessing SCADA vulnerabilities and countermeasures in power plants
Fovino, I. N., Masera, M., Guidi, L., & Carpi, G. (2010) · Conference on Human System Interactions · doi:10.1109/hsi.2010.5514494 · Cited by 86
Self-citationShahzad, A., Lee, M., Lee, Y.-K., Kim, S., Xiong, N., Choi, J.-Y., & Cho, Y. (2015) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym7031176 · Cited by 86
Industrial control systems security: What is happening?
Krotofil, M., & Gollmann, D. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) · doi:10.1109/indin.2013.6622964 · Cited by 74
“In the scenario presented, the attacker issues bogus Modbus packets to three different valves at a boiling plant trying to keep them in a certain position.”
BackgroundCyber security threats — Smart grid infrastructure
Pandey, R. K., & Misra, M. (2016) · National Power Systems Conference · doi:10.1109/npsc.2016.7858950 · Cited by 71
“It is also possible to create “man-in-themiddle” attack [24] between the SCADA and the slave devices (RTUs or PLCs) to get information regarding the network topology and device functionality.”
BackgroundVosughi, A., Tamimi, A., King, A. B., Majumder, S., & Srivastava, A. K. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112794 · Cited by 58
Krotofil, M., Cárdenas, Á. A., Larsen, J., & Gollmann, D. (2014) · International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection · doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.10.003 · Cited by 57
“designing control-system-specific defenses such as intrusion detection systems [14,33,43], authentication and encryption schemes [32], access control [31], policy enforcement [29], code verification [30] and risk management [34].”
BackgroundSCADAWall: A CPI-enabled firewall model for SCADA security
Li, D., Guo, H., Zhou, J., Zhou, L., & Wong, J. W. (2018) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2018.10.002 · Cited by 53
Katulić, F., Sumina, D., Groš, S., & Erceg, I. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3275443 · Cited by 53
“With the analysis of the Modbus/TCP cybersecurity, possible cryptography-based solutions emerged, such as [16] in which the authors implemented RSA digital signatures for the authentication and a selected SHA-2 hash function for the integrity protection of Modbus/TCP.”
BackgroundMethodEnhanced Modbus/TCP Security Protocol: Authentication and Authorization Functions Supported
Martins, T., & Oliveira, S. V. G. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22208024 · Cited by 45
“A solution using integrity mechanisms through the SHA2 algorithm, authentication through RSA, and non-repudiation and anti-replay through the timestamp is presented in [15].”
Krotofil, M., Cárdenas, Á. A., Manning, B., & Larsen, J. (2014) · Annual Computer Security Applications Conference · doi:10.1145/2664243.2664290 · Cited by 40
“A large body of literature on Industrial Control Systems (ICS) security looks at intercepting and manipulating the tra c [29], infection by malware [3], access by unauthorized users [18] and addresses the threats by designing ICS-specific defenses such as intrusion detection systems [32, 13], authentication and encryp…”
BackgroundFormal security assessment of Modbus protocol
Nardone, R., Rodríguez, R. J., & Marrone, S. (2016) · International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions · doi:10.1109/icitst.2016.7856685 · Cited by 41
“[14] proposed an extension of Modbus protocol to support authentication, non-repudiation, and replay protection.”
BackgroundImplementation of Secure Communication With Modbus and Transport Layer Security protocols
Ferst, M. K., de Figueiredo, H. F. M., Denardin, G., & Lopes, J. (2018) · 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON) · doi:10.1109/induscon.2018.8627306 · Cited by 41
“Some applications, especially those related to infrastructure assets, have a critical nature and a fault in these systems may lead to unrecoverable damages and losses, affecting general population [2].”
BackgroundMethodReaves, B., & Morris, T. H. (2012) · International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection · doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2012.10.001 · Cited by 37
A Systematic Literature Review on RAMS analysis for critical infrastructures protection
Pirbhulal, S., Gkioulos, V., & Katsikas, S. K. (2021) · International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection · doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2021.100427 · Cited by 37
Industrial control systems security: What is happening?
Krotofil, M., & Gollmann, D. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) · doi:10.1109/indin.2013.6622963 · Cited by 35
A Stealthy False Command Injection Attack on Modbus based SCADA Systems
Alsabbagh, W., Amogbonjaye, S., Urrego, D., & Langendörfer, P. (2023) · IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/ccnc51644.2023.10059804 · Cited by 34
“An alternative solution would be using the modified version of the modbus protocol introduced in [31].”
MethodResearch and Implementation of Modbus TCP Security Enhancement Protocol
Luo, X., & Li, Y. (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1213/5/052058 · Cited by 34
L, R., & Satyanarayana, P. (2021) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1155/2021/8887666 · Cited by 28
An integrated testbed for locally monitoring SCADA systems in smart grids
Chromik, J. J., Remke, A., & Haverkort, B. R. H. M. (2018) · Energy Informatics · doi:10.1186/s42162-018-0058-7 · Cited by 28
“Security extensions for Modbus/TCP protocol have been proposed, e.g., (Fovino et al. 2009; Shahzad et al. 2015; Éva et al. 2018), which, however, do require changes on the protocol level of operating devices.”
Probability Risk Identification Based Intrusion Detection System for SCADA Systems
Marsden, T., Moustafa, N., Sitnikova, E., et al. (2018) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90775-8_28 · Cited by 27
“All information collected from packets is available as header information from the Application Data Unit (ADU) and Protocol Data Unit (PDU), this means that we can deploy this technique in realtime on an encrypted network [9].”
MethodTertytchny, G., Karbouj, H., Hadjidemetriou, L., Charalambous, C., Michael, M. K., Sazos, M., & Maniatakos, M. (2020) · IEEE CyberPELS (CyberPELS) · doi:10.1109/cyberpels49534.2020.9311531 · Cited by 28
“For example, as it is proposed by authors in [12], Modbus TCP is improved by changing its packet format representation using encryption and checksum schemes.”
MethodSecuring SCADA Applications Using OpenPLC With End-To-End Encryption
Alves, T., Morris, T., & Yoo, S.-M. (2017) · Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Industrial Control System Security Workshop · doi:10.1145/3174776.3174777 · Cited by 26
“The work put forth by Fovino [9] describes a secure version of the Modbus SCADA protocol that incorporates integrity, authentication, non-repudiation and anti-replay mechanisms.”
BackgroundYang, Y., Lee, S., Wang, J.-M., Yang, C.-S., Huang, Y.-M., & Hou, T. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23104970 · Cited by 34
“In today’s industrial environment, most data communications are conducted using the Modbus protocol [3].”
MethodAssessment of SCADA System Vulnerabilities
Yadav, G., & Paul, K. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA) · doi:10.1109/etfa.2019.8869541 · Cited by 27
“The communication network protocols lack the support of security features [15].”
BackgroundFormal Analysis of Security Properties on the OPC-UA SCADA Protocol
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“[10] proposed a secure version of MODBUS relying on well-known cryptographic primitives such as RSA and SHA2.”
MethodAuthentication of Smart Grid by Integrating QKD and Blockchain in SCADA Systems
Aggarwal, S., & Kaddoum, G. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2024.3423762 · Cited by 24
“The traditional SCADA system, relying on conventional protocols, like Modbus [32], faces significant challenges concerning security and privacy in smart grid communications.”
MethodAutomated and Secure Onboarding for System of Systems
Maksuti, S., Bicaku, A., Zsilak, M., Ivkić, I., Peceli, B., Singler, G., Kovács, K., Tauber, M., & Delsing, J. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102280 · Cited by 27
“IEC 61850-9-2 Sampled Values (SV) [39], IEC 61850-8-1 Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) [40], Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) [41], Modbus [42], etc., provide the core communication mechanisms for industrial environments such as power utilities, manufacturing, and transportation.”
Cyber‐Physical System Resilience
Haque, M. A., Shetty, S. S., & Krishnappa, B. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119552482.ch12 · Cited by 22
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“Even in cases where a PLC has the capability to white-list hosts by IP address, this PLC would still be exploitable (Fovino et al., 2009).”
BackgroundComparative analysis of the security of configuration protocols for industrial control devices
Martín-Liras, L., Prada, M. A., Fuertes, J. J., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection · doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2017.10.001 · Cited by 20
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“The Modbus protocol does not verify the source of a command [19].”
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Alsmadi, I. M., Dwekat, Z. A., Cantu, R., et al. (2021) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-021-03330-3 · Cited by 19
“Authors in [2] suggested a technique to provide security using shared keys.”
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“For instance, the authors in [10] improved Modbus protocol security by changing the packet format representation using encryption and checksum schemes such as SHA-2.”
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“In [19], the authors suggested an extension of Modbus protocol, which could rectify some main security downsides of the protocol.”
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“…worked on enhancing the security of the Modbus protocol itself, they often use additional security fields or encryption to design the secure versions of Modbus, with representative work such as Fovino [9] and Liao [10]’s works, but such structural additions may cause some degree of efficiency loss.”
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“[43] presented a secure version of the Modbus SCADA protocol that incorporates integrity, authentication, non-repudiation and anti-replay mechanisms.”
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“Modbus is a simple, effective, and free serial bus 27 wherein up to 247 nodes can be connected within the same link.”
BackgroundTAMBUS: A novel authentication method through covert channels for securing industrial networks
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“Fovino et al. [55] found several vulnerabilities in the MODBUS protocol due to its lack of security-enhancing techniques.”
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“In combination with historic protocols which do not even offer basic authentication (like the Modbus protocol [10]) these systems fall in the hands of attackers as soon as the attacker has network access.”
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“Even if the security of such systems has been empowered [6], the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) still recommends a strong separation of the industrial network from the corporate network and the Internet [7].”
BackgroundKey Factors in Industrial Control System Security
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“They argue that instead of implementing the protocol directly on a field device, it could also be implemented by a gateway and hence used without modifying any field devices [19].”
BackgroundVulnerabilities and measures on smart grid application in renewable energy
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“Due to the encryption present in Secure Modbus, it is possible to prevent the Man-in-the-Middle attack described as an HB Modbus limitation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrusted Industrial Modbus Firewall for Critical Infrastructure Systems
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Business Management and Strategy in Cybersecurity for Digital Transformation
Özsungur, F. (2021) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6975-7.ch008 · Cited by 6
MODLSTM: A Method to Recognize DoS Attacks on Modbus/TCP
Zhang, H., Min, Y., Liu, S., Tong, H., & Li, Y. (2022) · IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference · doi:10.1109/ipccc55026.2022.9894305 · Cited by 6
“Fovino et al. integrated integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, and anti-replay mechanisms to implement a Modbus-safe version for SCADA, and verified the availability of the protocol in a real-world environment in a power plant [15].”
BackgroundFerst, M. K., Weber Denardin, G., Marcelo de Oliveira Stein, C., Giovani Carati, E., Patric da Costa, J., & Cardoso, R. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3577972 · Cited by 5
Load Altering Attacks- a Review of Impact and Mitigation Strategies
Mahrukh, M., & Thomas, M. S. (2023) · doi:10.1109/reedcon57544.2023.10150456 · Cited by 5
“A Man in the middle attack [23] can be created in the SCADA and RTUs or PLCs to access information about network topology to inflict an attack on the plant.”
BackgroundConnection Time in Modbus/TLS for Secure Communications on Photovoltaic Systems
Ferst, M. K., de Figueiredo, H. F. M., & Denardin, G. W. (2019) · doi:10.1109/cobep/spec44138.2019.9065406 · Cited by 5
“The original Modbus serial transmission has intrinsic isolation between the enterprise level and the control level of an industry network [12] and therefore ensuring the physical security of the perimeter where the system operates should be a sufficient measure to mitigate the protocol flaws [10].”
BackgroundA lightweight key generation scheme for end-to-end data authentication in Industrial Control Systems
Genge, B., Haller, P., Duka, A.-V., & Sándor, H. (2019) · at - Automatisierungstechnik · doi:10.1515/auto-2019-0017 · Cited by 4
Ultra-Low Latency Security Hardening of Modbus/TCP Protocol Based on ZUC Cryptographic Algorithm
Zhang, D., Gao, Y., Pan, Q., & Yang, C. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Information, Communication and Networks (ICICN) · doi:10.1109/icicn62625.2024.10761885 · Cited by 4
“Security enhancements for the Modbus/TCP protocol may be broadly classified into two categories, namely anomaly detection-based defense schemes [8]-[13] and cryptography-based security enhancing schemes [2][3][4].”
InfluentialInvestigation of a Novel Approach to Securing Data Exchanges Within Industrial Environments
Slunjski, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554983 · Cited by 4
“In [25], the Modbus structure was extended with the Secure Hash Algorithm 2, RSA signature, and Network Time Protocol stamps, while in [26], extensions were achieved by combining hash-based message authentication codes and stream transmission control protocol with the original Mod-bus structure.”
InfluentialColetta, A. (2018) · doi:10.5121/csit.2018.80105 · Cited by 4
A novel vulnerability index to select measurements for defense against false data injection attacks
Sreeram, T. S., & Krishna, S. (2022) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108626 · Cited by 4
Design and Development of Secure Data Transfer Modules in Industrial Control Systems
Rajesh, L., & Satyanarayana, P. (2023) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-023-10738-0 · Cited by 4
Probabilistic Modeling and Study of Cybersecurity Attacks in Industrial Control Systems of Plants
Sibai, F. N., Mohammad, N., & Muhammad, S. (2020) · IEEE Conference on Application, Information and Network Security (AINS) · doi:10.1109/ains50155.2020.9314992 · Cited by 5
Formally Verifying Flow Properties in Industrial Systems
Dreier, J., Puys, M., Potet, M.-L., Lafourcade, P., & Roch, J.-L. (2017) · International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications (ICETE) · doi:10.5220/0006396500550066 · Cited by 4
“In (Fovino et al., 2009 proposed a version of MODBUS based on well-known cryptographic primitives such as RSA and SHA2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZero Trust in the Context of the Utility Industry
Kumar, N., & LaRoy, N. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63092-8_65 · Cited by 3
Shim, K., Sohn, I., Lee, E., Seok, W., & Lee, W. (2021) · Journal of Web Engineering · doi:10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2011 · Cited by 3
MQTT-Based Android Chat Application for IoT
Anne, L., Nandan, T., Kunj, M., et al. (2022) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-022-01278-8 · Cited by 3
Verifying the Computational Integrity of Power Grid Controls with Zero-Knowledge Proof
Chang, C.-Y., Macwan, R., & Murphy, S. (2023) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm52003.2023.10253173 · Cited by 3
Security Analysis and Enhancement of INTERBUS Protocol in ICS Based on Colored Petri Net
Feng, T., Liu, C., Gong, X., & Lu, Y. (2023) · Information · doi:10.3390/info14110589 · Cited by 3
Modbus Data Provider for Automation Researcher Using C#Preprint
Chakraborty, S., & Aithal, P. S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4562426 · Cited by 3
Remote Control and Monitoring Protocols for PLC and HMI Systems: A Case Study of MODBUS, WMI and VNC
Aykut, E., Erdoğan, K., Benlі, S. N., Mumcu, M. C., & Yavuz, İ. (2025) · International Symposium on Innovative Approaches in Smart Technologies (ISAS) · doi:10.1109/isas66241.2025.11101982 · Cited by 2
“The start addresses and the number of records to be read are specified in the request message and the sensor data is sent in 16-bit format with the response message [21].”
Autonomous Cyber Resilience via a Co-Evolutionary Arms Race within a Fortified Digital Twin Sandbox
Malikussaid, & Sutiyo (2025) · International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS) · doi:10.1109/ispacs68724.2025.11383172 · Cited by 2
“For much of the 20th century, the design philosophy of ICS was rooted entirely in the principles of safety and reliability engineering.”
A Test Cases Generation Method for Industrial Control Protocol Test
Shang, W., Zhang, G., Wang, T., & Zhang, R. (2021) · Scientific Programming · doi:10.1155/2021/6611732 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Fovino, I. N., Carcano, A., Masera, M., & Trombetta, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Insubria (IT)
- Venue
- IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Published
- 2009
- Pages
- 83-96
- ISSN
- 1868-422X (ISSN-L)
- 1868-4238
- OpenAlex
- W2102662195
- Semantic Scholar
- 6f6e477a9e2bcafcc94f5b13cf8cbf6ab694ecc7
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- IFIP advances in information and communication technology (publishedVersion)
- Joint Research Centre (European Commission) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Smart Grid Security and Resilience
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Industrial Automation and Control Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Advanced Authentication Protocols Security
- Keywords
- Modbus, SCADA security, authentication, non-repudiation, critical infrastructure protection
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