Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Algal Cultivation, Harvesting Techniques, Wastewater Treatment, Nutrient Recovery, and Biofuel Production and Optimization

Biofuels from Microalgae—A Review of Technologies for Production, Processing, and Extractions of Biofuels and Co-Products

Brennan, L., & Owende, P. (2010) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009 · Cited by 4,894 · see citing works

Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review

Naik, S. N., Goud, V. V., Rout, P. K., & Dalai, A. K. (2010) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003 · Cited by 3,264 · see citing works

Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: Process options and economics

Molina Grima, E., Belarbi, E.-H., Acién Fernández, F. G., Robles Medina, A., & Chisti, Y. (2003) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/s0734-9750(02)00050-2 · Cited by 2,286 · see citing works

PHOTOPROTECTION REVISITED:Genetic and Molecular Approaches

Niyogi, K. (1999) · Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.333 · Cited by 1,937 · see citing works

Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review

Chen, C.-Y., Yeh, K.-L., Aisyah, R., Lee, D.-J., & Chang, J.-S. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.159 · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works

Techno-Economic Analysis of Autotrophic Microalgae for Fuel Production

Davis, R., Aden, A., & Pienkos, P. T. (2011) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.018 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works

Harvesting techniques applied to microalgae: A review

Barros, A. I., Gonçalves, A. L., Simões, M., & Pires, J. C. M. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.037 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works

Biodiesel from microalgae: A critical evaluation from laboratory to large scale production

Rawat, I., Ranjith Kumar, R., Mutanda, T., & Bux, F. (2013) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.004 · Cited by 977 · see citing works

Microalgae biofuels: A critical review of issues, problems and the way forward

Lam, M. K., & Lee, K. T. (2011) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.008 · Cited by 938 · see citing works

Microalgae Harvesting Techniques: A Review

Singh, G., & Patidar, S. K. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.010 · Cited by 647 · see citing works

Nitrogen containing functional groups of biochar: An overview

Leng, L., Xu, S., Liu, R., Yu, T., Zhuo, X., Leng, S., Xiong, Q., & Huang, H. (2020) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122286 · Cited by 532 · see citing works

Conversion of Microalgae to Biofuel

Suali, E., & Sarbatly, R. (2012) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.047 · Cited by 456 · see citing works

Use of microalgae based technology for the removal of antibiotics from wastewater: A review

Leng, L., Liang, W., Xiong, Q., Xu, S., Li, W., Lv, S., Lu, Q., Wan, L., Wen, Z., & Zhou, W. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124680 · Cited by 449 · see citing works

Microalgal-bacterial consortia: From interspecies interactions to biotechnological applications

Zhang, B., Li, W., Guo, Y., Zhang, Z., Shi, W., Cui, F., Lens, P. N. L., & Tay, J. H. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109563 · Cited by 440 · see citing works

Food commodities from microalgae

Draaisma, R. B., Wijffels, R. H., (Ellen) Slegers, P., Brentner, L. B., Roy, A., & Barbosa, M. J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.09.012 · Cited by 432 · see citing works

Interactions of microalgae-bacteria consortia for nutrient removal from wastewater: A review

Fallahi, A., Rezvani, F., Asgharnejad, H., Nazloo, E. K., Hajinajaf, N., & Higgins, B. T. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129878 · Cited by 409 · see citing works

Growth kinetic models for microalgae cultivation: A review

Lee, E., Jalalizadeh, M., & Zhang, Q. (2015) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2015.10.004 · Cited by 387 · see citing works

Accumulation of energy reserves in algae: From cell cycles to biotechnological applications

Vítová, M., Bišová, K., Kawano, S., & Zachleder, V. (2015) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.012 · Cited by 281 · see citing works

Recovery of Nutrients From Wastewaters Using Microalgae

Acién, F. G., Gómez-Serrano, C., & Fernández-Sevilla, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2018.00059 · Cited by 277 · see citing works

A review on algal-bacterial symbiotic system for effective treatment of wastewater

Saravanan, A., Kumar, P. S., Varjani, S., Jeevanantham, S., Yaashikaa, P. R., Thamarai, P., Baskaran, A., & George, C. S. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129540 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

Effect of light intensity, pH, and temperature on triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation induced by nitrogen starvation in Scenedesmus obliquus

Breuer, G., Lamers, P. P., Martens, D. E., Draaisma, R. B., & Wijffels, R. H. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.105 · Cited by 270 · see citing works

Review of evolution, technology and sustainability assessments of biofuel production

Liew, W. H., Hassim, M. H., & Ng, D. K. S. (2014) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.006 · Cited by 268 · see citing works

Strategies for Lipid Production Improvement in Microalgae as a Biodiesel Feedstock

Zhu, L. D., Li, Z. H., & Hiltunen, E. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/8792548 · Cited by 245 · see citing works

A machine learning approach to predict metabolic pathway dynamics from time-series multiomics data

Costello, Z., & Martín, H. G. (2018) · npj Systems Biology and Applications · doi:10.1038/s41540-018-0054-3 · Cited by 238 · see citing works

Predicting algal biochar yield using eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) algorithm of machine learning methods

Pathy, A., Meher, S., & Balasubramanian, P. (2020) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2020.102006 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Algae as a source of renewable chemicals: opportunities and challenges

Foley, P. M., Beach, E. S., & Zimmerman, J. B. (2011) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c1gc00015b · Cited by 219 · see citing works

Microalgal growth characteristics and subsequent influence on dewatering efficiency

Danquah, M. K., Gladman, B. R., Moheimani, N. R., & Forde, G. M. (2009) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.047 · Cited by 212 · see citing works

Technoeconomic analysis of five microalgae-to-biofuels processes of varying complexity

Amer, L., Adhikari, B., & Pellegrino, J. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.010 · Cited by 209 · see citing works

Phycoremediation of wastewaters: a synergistic approach using microalgae for bioremediation and biomass generation

Renuka, N., Sood, A., Prasanna, R., & Ahluwalia, A. S. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-014-0700-2 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

Microalgal culture strategies for biofuel production: a review

Zhu, L. (2015) · Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining · doi:10.1002/bbb.1576 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Applications of machine learning algorithms for biological wastewater treatment: Updates and perspectives

Sundui, B., Calderon, O. A. R., Abdeldayem, O. M., Gil, J. L., Rene, E. R., & Sambuu, U. (2021) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-020-01993-x · Cited by 169 · see citing works

Biofilm growth of Chlorella sorokiniana in a rotating biological contactor based photobioreactor

Blanken, W., Janssen, M. G. J., Cuaresma, M., Libor, Z., Bhaiji, T., & Wijffels, R. H. (2014) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.25301 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Mixotrophic Microalgae Biofilm: A Novel Algae Cultivation Strategy for Improved Productivity and Cost-Efficiency of Biofuel Feedstock Production

Roostaei, J., Zhang, Y., Gopalakrishnan, K., & Ochocki, A. J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31016-1 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Algal–bacterial consortia for bioproduct generation and wastewater treatment

Jiang, L., Li, Y., & Pei, H. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111395 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Hybrid physics‐based and data‐driven modeling for bioprocess online simulation and optimization

Zhang, D., del Rio‐Chanona, E. A., Petsagkourakis, P., & Wagner, J. L. (2019) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.27120 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

Advances in control technologies for wastewater treatment processes: status, challenges, and perspectives

Iratni, A., & Chang, N. (2019) · IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica · doi:10.1109/jas.2019.1911372 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

The effect of iron on growth, lipid accumulation, and gene expression profile of the freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana

Wan, M., Jin, X., Xia, J., Rosenberg, J. N., Yu, G., Nie, Z., Oyler, G. A., & Betenbaugh, M. J. (2014) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6088-6 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Algae Under Pressure and in Hot Water

Savage, P. E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1224310 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Screening of marine microalgae isolated from the hypersaline Bardawil lagoon for biodiesel feedstock

Abomohra, A., El-Sheekh, M. M., & Hanelt, D. (2016) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.015 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

The era of big data: Genome-scale modelling meets machine learning

Antonakoudis, A., Barbosa, R., Kotidis, P., & Kontoravdi, C. (2020) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.011 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Microalgae bioreactor for nutrient removal and resource recovery from wastewater in the paradigm of circular economy

Díaz, V., Leyva‐Díaz, J. C., Almécija, M. C., Poyatos, J. M., Muñío, M. D. M., & Martín-Pascual, J. (2022) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127968 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Dynamic modeling and optimization of sustainable algal production with uncertainty using multivariate Gaussian processes

Bradford, E. C., Schweidtmann, A. M., Zhang, D., Jing, K., & del Rio‐Chanona, E. A. (2018) · Computers & Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.07.015 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Characterization of a model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 autotrophic growth in a flat‐panel photobioreactor

Zavřel, T., Sinetova, M. A., Búzová, D., Literáková, P., & Červený, J. (2014) · Engineering in Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/elsc.201300165 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

A novel catalyst of nickel-loaded graphene decorated on molybdenum-alumina for the HDS of liquid fuels

Saleh, T. A., & AL-Hammadi, S. A. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.125167 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Machine learning predictions of chlorophyll-a in the Han river basin, Korea

Kim, K., & Ahn, J. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115636 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Trends in digital image processing of isolated microalgae by incorporating classification algorithm

Chong, J. W. R., Khoo, K. S., Chew, K. W., Ting, H.-Y., & Show, P. L. (2023) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108095 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

A Comparative Study of the RSM and ANN Models for Predicting Surface Roughness in Roller Burnishing

Patel, K. A., & Brahmbhatt, P. K. (2016) · Procedia Technology · doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.03.042 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Enhancing biohydrogen production from sugar industry wastewater using Ni, Ni–Co and Ni–Co–P electrodeposits as cathodes in microbial electrolysis cells

Chaurasia, A. K., & Mondal, P. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131728 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Co-culture of Chlorella and Scenedesmus could enhance total lipid production under bacteria quorum sensing molecule stress

Zhang, C., Ho, S., Li, A., Fu, L., & Zhou, D. (2020) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101739 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Monoalgal and mixed algal cultures discrimination by using an artificial neural network

Franco, B. M., Navas, L. M., Gómez, C., Sepúlveda, C., & Acién, F. G. (2019) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2019.101419 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Machine learning for algal biofuels: a critical review and perspective for the future

Çoşgun, A., Günay, M. E., & Yıldırım, R. (2023) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d3gc00389b · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Carbon nanofiber-doped zeolite as support for molybdenum based catalysts for enhanced hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene

Ali, I., Al-Arfaj, A. A., & Saleh, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112376 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass for bioenergy production, removal of nutrients and microcystin: current status

Veerabadhran, M., Gnanasekaran, D., Wei, J., & Yang, F. (2021) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.15000 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence model for monitoring biomass growth in semi-batch Chlorella vulgaris cultivation

Peter, A. P., Chew, K. W., Pandey, A., Lau, S. Y., Rajendran, S., Ting, H. Y., Munawaroh, H. S. H., Phuong, N. V., & Show, P. L. (2022) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126438 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Performance of a membrane-coupled high-rate algal pond for urban wastewater treatment at demonstration scale

Robles, Á., Capson‐Tojo, G., Galès, A., Viruela, A., Sialve, B., Seco, A., Steyer, J., & Ferrer, J. (2019) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122672 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of Tamarindus indica Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions

Sajjad, N., Orfali, R. S., Perveen, S., et al. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27103230 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Exploring the feasibility of sewage treatment by algal–bacterial consortia

Yang, J., Shi, W., Fang, F., Guo, J., Lu, L., Xiao, Y., & Xin, J. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388551.2019.1709796 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Exploring the effects of different combinations of predictor variables for the treatment of wastewater by microalgae and biomass production

Singh, V., & Mishra, V. (2021) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2021.108129 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Comparative Analyses of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network on Medium Optimization for <i>Tetraselmis</i> sp. FTC209 Grown under Mixotrophic Condition

Mohamed, M. S., Tan, J. S., Mohamad, R., Mokhtar, M. N., & Ariff, A. B. (2013) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/948940 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Machine learning-based optimisation of microalgae biomass production by using wastewater

Singh, V., Verma, M., Chivate, M. S., & Mishra, V. (2023) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.111387 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Algal biomass mapping of eutrophic lakes using a machine learning approach with MODIS images

Lai, L., Zhang, Y., Cao, Z., Liu, Z., & Yang, Q. (2023) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163357 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

A validated thermal and biological model for predicting algal productivity in large scale outdoor cultivation systems

Greene, J. M., Quiroz, D., Compton, S., Lammers, P. J., & Quinn, J. C. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102224 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Dynamic modelling of microalgae cultivation process in high rate algal wastewater pond

Bello, M., Ranganathan, P., & Brennan, F. (2016) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Modeling outdoors algal cultivation with compartmental approach

Nauha, E. K., & Alopaeus, V. (2015) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.08.073 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Algal Biotechnology

Borowitzka, M. A. (2015) · Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7321-8_11 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Machine learning platform for determining experimental lipid phase behaviour from small angle X-ray scattering patterns by pre-training on synthetic data

Aty, H. A., Strutt, R., Mcintyre, N., et al. (2022) · Digital Discovery · doi:10.1039/d1dd00025j · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Machine learning aids solvothermal liquefaction of algal biomass: Prediction of nitrogen content and bio-oil yield

Djandja, O. S., Shan, Y., Fan, L., Wu, Y., Salami, A. A., Lu, X., Duan, P., & Kang, S. (2023) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129284 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Using flow cytometry and multistage machine learning to discover label-free signatures of algal lipid accumulation

Tanhaemami, M., Alizadeh, E., Sanders, C. K., Marrone, B. L., & Munsky, B. E. (2019) · Physical Biology · doi:10.1088/1478-3975/ab2c60 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Biofuel formation from microalgae: A renewable energy source for eco-sustainability

Oves, M., Qari, H. A., & Ismail, I. (2022) · Current World Environment · doi:10.12944/cwe.17.1.2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Surface patterns of mortar plates influence Spirulina platensis biofilm attached cultivation: Experiment and modeling

Wang, Y., Li, L., Zhao, D., Zhou, W., Chen, L., Su, G., Zhang, Z., & Liu, T. (2023) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2023.103079 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Isolation and Biological Activities of Peptides from Marine Microalgae by Fermentation

Ryu, B., & Kim, S. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118375082.ch21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Model-based Fed-batch Algal Cultivation Strategy for Enhanced Starch Production

Figueroa-Torres, G. M., Pittman, J. K., & Theodoropoulos, C. (2018) · Computer-aided chemical engineering/Computer aided chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64235-6.50278-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Harnessing microalgae as a bioresource for nutraceuticals: advancing bioactive compound exploration and shaping the future of health and functional food innovation

Ayub, A., Rahayu, F., Khamidah, A., Antarlina, S. S., Iswari, K., Supriyadi, K., Mufidah, E., Singh, A., Chopra, C., & Wani, A. K. (2025) · Discover Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-025-06916-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities

Dębowski, M., Kazimierowicz, J., & Zieliński, M. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15137324 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Enhancing the sustainability of microalgae cultivation through biosensing technology

Ugya, A. Y., Chen, H., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Materials Today Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101139 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Signatures of nutrient limitation and co‐limitation: responses of autotroph internal nutrient concentrations to nitrogen and phosphorus additions

Bracken, M. E. S., Hillebrand, H., Borer, E. T., Seabloom, E. W., Cebrián, J., Cleland, E. E., Elser, J. J., Gruner, D. S., Harpole, W. S., Ngai, J. T., et al. (2014) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.01215 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Impact of Processing on Nutrients and anti-Nutrients in Tubers and Leaves of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz)

Nyambaka, H. (2024) · Nutrition and Food Processing · doi:10.31579/2637-8914/185 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Fertilization Regimes Exceed Nutritional Requirements of Greenhouse crops

Heins, R. D., & Yelanich, M. V. (2013) · IFAC Proceedings Volumes · doi:10.3182/20130327-3-jp-3017.00004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Interactions Between Nutrients in Higher Plants

Robson, A. D., & Pitman, M. G. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68885-0_6 · Cited by 196 · see citing works

Methods for determining microalgal nutrient limitation

Liang, Y., Cui-ling, Y., Li-xia, F., et al. (2005) · Journal of Fishery Sciences of China