Testing the generalizability of intervening mechanism theories: Understanding the effects of adolescent drug use prevention interventions
Abstract
Outcome research has shown that drug prevention programs based on theories of social influence often prevent the onset of adolescent drug use. However, little is known empirically about the processes through which they have their effects. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate intervening mechanism theories of two program models for preventing the onset of adolescent drug use. Analyses based on a total of 3077 fifth graders participating in the Adolescent Alcohol Prevention Trial revealed that both normative education and resistance training activated the causal processes they targeted. While beliefs about prevalence and acceptability significantly mediated the effects of normative education on subsequent adolescent drug use, resistance skills did not significantly predict subsequent drug use. More impressively, this pattern of results was virtually the same across sex, ethnicity, context (public versus private school students), drugs (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) and levels of risk and was durable across time. These findings strongly suggest that successful social influence-based prevention programs may be driven primarily by their ability to foster social norms that reduce an adolescent's social motivation to begin using alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,542 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701 · see citing works
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,384 · see citing works
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64 · Cited by 5,428 · see citing works
Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.
Heidel, R. E. (1991) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1971966 · Cited by 3,162 · see citing works
Roderick J.A. Little, Donald B. Rubin — Statistical Analysis with Missing Data
Bo., N., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1988) · Population · doi:10.2307/1533221 · Cited by 2,155 · see citing works
Application of hierarchical linear models to assessing change.
Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.147 · Cited by 1,505 · see citing works
Chen, H.-T. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
Some New Results on Indirect Effects and Their Standard Errors in Covariance Structure Models
Sobel, M. E. (1986) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270922 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
The Analysis of Social Science Data with Missing Values
LITTLE, R. J. A., & RUBIN, D. B. (1989) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124189018002004 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
On structural equation modeling with data that are not missing completely at random
Muthén, B., Kaplan, D., & Hollis, M. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294365 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Statistical Modelling Issues in School Effectiveness Studies
Aitkin, M. A., & Longford, N. T. (1986) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2981882 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
The smoking problem: A review of the research and theory in behavioral risk modification.
Leventhal, H., & Cleary, P. D. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.370 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: a family interactional approach.
Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Gordon, A. S., Whiteman, M., & Cohen, P. R. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Tobler, N. S. (1986) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204268601600405 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
A Multicommunity Trial for Primary Prevention of Adolescent Drug Abuse
Pentz, M. A. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.261.22.3259 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Lipsey, M. W. (1991) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(91)90027-e · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Hansen, W. B., & Graham, J. A. (1991) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(91)90039-7 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool-based substance abuse prevention: a review of the state of the art in curriculum, 1980–1990
Hansen, W. B. (1992) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/7.3.403 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Self-citationSociological Methodology 1986.
Firebaugh, G., & Tuma, N. B. (1988) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288892 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Total, Direct, and Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Bollen, K. A. (1987) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271028 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Shapiro, E. S., & Browder, D. M. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2501-5_5 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Drug Prevention in Junior High: A Multi-Site Longitudinal Test
Ellickson, P. L., & Bell, R. M. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2180065 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
The primary prevention of alcohol problems: a critical review of the research literature.
Moskowitz, J. M. (1989) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1989.50.54 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Psychosocial approaches to smoking prevention: A review of findings.
Flay, B. R. (1985) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.4.5.449 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Chen, H.-T., & Rossi, P. H. (1983) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x8300700301 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Age of onset of drug use as a factor in drug and other disorders.
Robins, L. N., & Przybeck, T. R. (1985) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e472252004-001 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Epidemiological and Psychosocial Perspectives on Adolescent Drug Use
Kandel, D. B. (1982) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60936-5 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
The functions of program theory
Bickman, L. (1987) · New Directions for Program Evaluation · doi:10.1002/ev.1443 · Cited by 347 · cited 1× · see citing works
“for data analysis and the tenability of the assumptions required in that model, and, maybe most importantly, (6) help develop a cumulative knowledge base about how programs work and when they work (Bickman, 1987; Lipsey, 1993; Lipsey and Pollard, 1989).”
BackgroundSocial influence processes affecting adolescent substance use.
Graham, J. A., Marks, G. N., & Hansen, W. B. (1991) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.291 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationTheory as method: small theories of treatments
Lipsey, M. W. (1993) · New Directions for Program Evaluation · doi:10.1002/ev.1637 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
MacKinnon, D. P., Johnson, C. A., Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R., & Wang, E. Y.-I. (1991) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.10.3.164 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationSociological Methodology 1985.
Campbell, R. T., & Tuma, N. B. (1987) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069979 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Analysis with missing data in prevention research.
Graham, J. A., Hofer, S. M., Donaldson, S. I., MacKinnon, D. P., & Schafer, J. L. (1997) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10222-010 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effects of School-Based Substance Abuse Education — A Meta-Analysis
Bangert‐Drowns, R. L. (1988) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/8u40-wp3d-ffwc-yf1u · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Estimation of Linear Models with Incomplete Data
Allison, P. D. (1987) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271029 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Hansen, W. B., Johnson, C. A., Flay, B. R., Graham, J. A., & Sobel, J. L. (1988) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90059-x · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationGraham, J. A., & Donaldson, S. I. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.119 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationAttrition in prevention research
Hansen, W. B., Collins, L. M., Malotte, C. K., Johnson, C. A., & Fielding, J. E. (1985) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00870313 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationThe theory-driven approach to validity
Chen, H.-T., & Rossi, P. H. (1987) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(87)90025-5 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Measurement of adolescent smoking behavior: Rationale and methods
Pechacek, T. F., Murray, D. M., Luepker, R. V., Mittelmark, M. B., Johnson, C. A., & Shutz, J. M. (1984) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00845351 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., MacKinnon, D. P., Flay, B. R., Hansen, W. B., Wang, E. Y. I., & Johnson, C. A. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationHansen, W. B., Graham, J. W., Wolkenstein, B. H., & Rohrbach, L. A. (1991) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1991.52.568 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationGraham, J. A., Flay, B. R., Johnson, C. A., Hansen, W. B., Grossman, L., & Sobel, J. L. (1984) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/cyv0-7dpb-djfa-ej5u · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationAttrition in Substance Abuse Prevention Research
Hansen, W. B., Tobler, N. S., & Graham, J. A. (1990) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x9001400608 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationSubstance Use and Ethnicity: Differential Impact of Peer and Adult Models
Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1986) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1986.9712618 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Early predictors of age at first use of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes
Fleming, J. P., Kellam, S. G., & Brown, C. H. (1982) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(82)90068-0 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Preventing adolescent smoking: What have we learned about treatment construct validity?
McCaul, K. D., & Glasgow, R. E. (1985) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.4.361 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Driving toward theory in program evaluation: More models to choose from
Lipsey, M. W., & Pollard, J. A. (1989) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(89)90048-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Processes of Peer Influences in Adolescence
Kandel, D. B. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02475-1_11 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Botvin, G. J., & Wills, T. A. (1985) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e471572004-001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Graham, J. A., Johnson, C. A., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R., & Gee, M. S. (1990) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(90)90030-n · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis and theoretical review of school based tobacco and alcohol intervention programs
Bruvold, W. H., & Rundall, T. G. (1988) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870448808400344 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Factors associated with erection in adolescent sex offenders
BECKER, J. V., Hunter, J., Stein, R. M., & Kaplan, M. S. (1989) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00961533 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Differential Impact of Three Alcohol Prevention Curricula on Hypothesized Mediating Variables
Hansen, W. B., Graham, J. A., Wolkenstein, B. H., Lundy, B. Z., Pearson, J., Flay, B. R., & Johnson, C. A. (1988) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/flq5-9knj-92th-wcdf · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationGraham, J. W., Flay, B. R., Anderson Johnson, C., Hansen, W. B., & Collins, L. M. (1984) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x8400800206 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPractice and malpractice in evaluation research
Lipsey, M. W. (1988) · Evaluation Practice · doi:10.1016/s0886-1633(88)80001-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Biglan, A., Gallison, C., Ary, D. V., & Thompson, R. J. (1985) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(85)90019-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Evaluation of resistance skills training using multitrait-multimethod role play skill assessments
Rohrbach, L. A., Graham, J. A., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R., & Johnson, C. A. (1987) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/2.4.401 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationConvergent and discriminant validity for assessment of skill in resisting a role play alcohol offer
Graham, J. A., Rohrbach, L. A., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R., & Johnson, C. A. (1989) · Behavioral Assessment · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationKreft, I. G. G. (1994) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e495862006-007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lipsey, M. W. (1988) · Evaluation Practice · doi:10.1177/109821408800900401 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 64 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x · Cited by 3,643 · see citing works
Dusenbury, L. (2003) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/18.2.237 · Cited by 1,671 · see citing works
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van den Wildenberg, E., Thush, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Sher, K. J., Grenard, J., Ames, S. L., & Stacy, A. W. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.021 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Kobus, K. (2003) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.4.x · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Hawkins, J. D., Graham, J. A., Maguin, E., Abbott, R., Hill, K. G., & Catalano, R. F. (1997) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1997.58.280 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool-based programmes for preventing smoking
Thomas, R. E., McLellan, J., & Perera, R. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001293.pub3 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Cultural sensitivity in substance use prevention
Resnicow, K., Soler, R. E., Braithwaite, R. L., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Butler, J. (2000) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6629(200005)28:3 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Theory-Driven Evaluation Practice From 1990 to 2009
Coryn, C. L. S., Noakes, L. A., Westine, C. D., & Schröter, D. C. (2011) · American Journal of Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1098214010389321 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Blueprints for Violence Prevention
Mihalic, S. W., Irwin, K., Elliott, D. S., Fagan, A. A., & Hansen, D. C. (2001) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e304162003-001 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L., Veblen‐Mortenson, S., Toomey, T. L., Komro, K. A., Anstine, P. S., McGovern, P. G., Finnegan, J. R., Forster, J. L., Wagenaar, A. C., et al. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.7.956 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs
Cuijpers, P. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00295-2 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Peterson, A. V. (2000) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/92.24.1979 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Preventing drug abuse in schools
Botvin, G. J. (2000) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(00)00119-2 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Investigation of Mediational Processes Using Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Modeling
Cheong, J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Khoo, S. T. (2003) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1002_5 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Life Skills Training: Empirical Findings and Future Directions
Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2004) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1023/b:jopp.0000042391.58573.5b · Cited by 436 · see citing works
An Alternative Framework for Defining Mediation
Collins, L. M., Graham, J. J., & Flaherty, B. P. (1998) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3302_5 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citationMultilevel Mediation Modeling in Group-Based Intervention Studies
Krull, J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1999) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x9902300404 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Using normative social influence to promote conservation among hotel guests
Schultz, W. P., Khazian, A. M., & Zaleski, A. C. (2008) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510701755614 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Crijnen, A. A. M., Achenbach, T. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199709000-00020 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Health promoting schools and health promotion in schools: two systematic reviews.
Lister-Sharp, Chapman, Stewart-Brown, & Sowden (1999) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta3220 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Williams, P., Holmbeck, G. N., & Greenley, R. N. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.3.828 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Göckeritz, S., Schultz, P. W., Rendon, T., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.643 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
A review of 25 long-term adolescent tobacco and other drug use prevention program evaluations
Skara, S., & Sussman, S. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00166-x · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Valente, T. W., Hoffman, B. R., Ritt-Olson, A., Lichtman, K., & Johnson, C. A. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.11.1837 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Analysis with missing data in prevention research.
Graham, J. A., Hofer, S. M., Donaldson, S. I., MacKinnon, D. P., & Schafer, J. L. (1997) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10222-010 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool-based prevention for illicit drugs' use
Faggiano, F., Vigna-Taglianti, F., Versino, E., Zambon, A., Borraccino, A., & Lemma, P. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003020.pub2 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
School-based prevention for illicit drugs use: A systematic review
Faggiano, F., Vigna‐Taglianti, F., Versino, E., Zambon, A., Borraccino, A., & Lemma, P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.012 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Valente, T. W., Ritt‐Olson, A., Stacy, A., Unger, J. B., Okamoto, J., & Sussman, S. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01992.x · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Evaluation Methods for Social Intervention
Lipsey, M. W., & Cordray, D. S. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.345 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use
Faggiano, F., Minozzi, S., Versino, E., & Buscemi, D. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003020.pub3 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Identification of Causal Parameters in Randomized Studies With Mediating Variables
Sobel, M. E. (2008) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998607307239 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Marijuana use and risk of lung cancer: a 40-year cohort study
Callaghan, R. C., Allebeck, P., & Sidorchuk, A. (2013) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0259-0 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
How all Stars Works: An Examination of Program Effects on Mediating Variables
McNeal, R. B., Hansen, W. B., Harrington, N. G., & Giles, S. M. (2004) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198103259852 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationGosin, M., Marsiglia, F. F., & Hecht, M. L. (2003) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/dxb9-1v2p-c27j-v69v · Cited by 174 · see citing works
West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (1997) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10222-006 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
School-based programmes for preventing smoking
Thomas, R. E., & Perera, R. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001293.pub2 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Health promotion research and the diffusion and institutionalization of interventions
Oldenburg, B. F. (1999) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/14.1.121 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Preventing Substance Use Problems Among Youth: A Literature Review and Recommendations
Paglia, A., & Room, R. (1999) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1023/a:1021302302085 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Proposal of a four-dimensional model of social response.
Nail, P. R., MacDonald, G., & Levy, D. A. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.454 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Mediation designs for tobacco prevention research
MacKinnon, D. P., Taborga, M. P., & Morgan‐López, A. A. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00216-8 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Donaldson, S. I., Graham, J. A., Piccinin, A. M., & Hansen, W. B. (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.14.4.291 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationMacKinnon, D. P., Goldberg, L., Clarke, G. N., Elliot, D. L., Cheong, J., Lapin, A., MOE, E. L., & Krull, J. L. (2001) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1010082828000 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Drug Resistance Strategies Intervention: Program Effects on Substance Use
Hecht, M. L., Graham, J. W., & Elek, E. (2006) · Health Communication · doi:10.1207/s15327027hc2003_6 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Skills, Competence, and Drug Refusal Efficacy as Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol Use
Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J., Diaz, T., & Griffin, K. W. (1999) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/m3ct-wwjm-5jaq-wp15 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
School-based cardiovascular disease prevention studies: Review and synthesis
Resnicow, K., & Robinson, T. N. (1997) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(97)80005-1 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Conformity to Their Peers’ Pro‐Alcohol and Anti‐Alcohol Norms: The Power of Popularity
Teunissen, H. A., Spijkerman, R., Prinstein, M. J., Cohen, G. L., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01728.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mediation Analysis of a School-Based Drug Prevention Program: Effects of Project ALERT
Orlando, M., Ellickson, P. L., McCaffrey, D. F., & Longshore, D. L. (2005) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-005-1251-z · Cited by 122 · see citing works
School‐based programmes for preventing smoking
Thomas, R. E., McLellan, J., & Perera, R. (2013) · Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.1937 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Psychosocial risk and protective factors for adolescent tobacco use
Flay, B. R., Petraitis, J., & Hu, F. B. (1999) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622299050011611 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
School-Based Drug Prevention Among At-Risk Adolescents: Effects of ALERT Plus
Longshore, D. L., Ellickson, P. L., McCaffrey, D. F., & Clair, P. A. S. (2007) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198106294895 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hodder, R. K., Freund, M., Wolfenden, L., Bowman, J., Nepal, S., Dray, J., Kingsland, M., Yoong, S. L., & Wiggers, J. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Development of a School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention Curriculum for High-Risk Youths
Sussman, S. Y. (1996) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.1996.10524389 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Latimer, W. W. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00171-6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Drug Abuse Prevention Programming
Donaldson, S. I., Sussman, S. Y., MacKinnon, D. P., Severson, H. H., GLYNN, T., Murray, D. M., & Stone, E. J. (1996) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764296039007008 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Statistical Methods for Substance Abuse Prevention Research
MacKinnon, D. P., & Lockwood, C. M. (2003) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1024649822872 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Life Skills Approach to Child and Adolescent Healthy Human Development
Mangrulkar, L., Whitman, C. V., Brandon, P., Bravo, A., Fallas, H., Kasischke, K., Richardson, A. G., Sayago, L., Obando, G. V., Rodrigues, L., et al. (2001) · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Testing mediating variables in a school-based nutrition intervention program.
Reynolds, K. D., Yaroch, A. L., Franklin, F. A., & Maloy, J. A. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.1.51 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Influence of Socio-Economic Status, Parents and Peers on Smoking Behaviour of Adolescents
Gecková, A. M., Stewart, R. E., van Dijk, J. P., Orosová, O., Groothoff, J. W., & Post, D. (2005) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000086403 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
A Dynamical Systems Analysis of Adolescent Substance Abuse
Boker, S. M., & Graham, J. J. (1998) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3304_3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationFlay, B. R., & Collins, L. M. (2005) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716205274941 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ascertaining causality in theory‐based evaluation
Davidson, E. J. (2000) · New Directions for Evaluation · doi:10.1002/ev.1178 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
African-American and Puerto Rican Drug Use: A Longitudinal Study
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Balka, E. B., Win, P. T., & Gursen, M. D. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199709000-00019 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Wang, W., Nelson, S. S., & Albert, J. M. (2013) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5830 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a High School Alcohol Misuse Prevention Program
Shope, J. T., Copeland, L. A., Maharg, R., & Dielman, T. E. (1996) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05253.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Media Literacy and Public Health
Gonzales, R. E., Glik, D. C., Davoudi, M., & Ang, A. (2004) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764204267263 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project Trial: Design and Baseline Characteristics
Mann, S. L., Peterson, A. V., Marek, P. M., & Kealey, K. A. (2000) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0664 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Drug Abuse Prevention Curricula in Schools
Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-35408-5_3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
School-based programmes for preventing smoking
Thomas, R. E. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001293 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Marsiglia, F. F., Kulis, S., Yabiku, S. T., Nieri, T. A., & Coleman, E. (2010) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0189-y · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Taylor, B. J., Graham, J. A., Cumsille, P. E., & Hansen, W. B. (2000) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1026547128209 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Descriptive and Injunctive Norms to Encourage COVID-19 Social Distancing and Vaccinations
Ryoo, Y., & Kim, W.-J. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1973702 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Relations of Social Skills, Personal Competence, and Adolescent Alcohol Use
Scheier, L. M., & Botvin, G. J. (1998) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431698018001004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mediation in a Family-Directed Program for Prevention of Adolescent Tobacco and Alcohol Use
Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., Pemberton, M. R., Foshee, V. A., Chuang, Y., King, T. S., & Koch, G. G. (2001) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2001.0892 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Epstein, J. A., Griffin, K. W., & Botvin, G. J. (2000) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0674 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Risk-Taking Behaviors among Adolescent Trauma Patients
Spain, D. A., Boaz, P. W., Davidson, D. J., Miller, F. B., Carrillo, E. H., & Richardson, J. D. (1997) · doi:10.1097/00005373-199709000-00006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Heightening Adolescent Vigilance toward Alcohol Advertising to Forestall Alcohol Use
Goldberg, M. E., Niedermeier, K. E., Bechtel, L. J., & Gorn, G. J. (2006) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.25.2.147 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Correlates of occasional cigarette and marijuana use:
Resnicow, K., Smith, M., Harrison, L. D., & Drucker, E. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00059-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Peer influence: neural mechanisms underlying in-group conformity
Stallen, M., Smidts, A., & Sanfey, A. G. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00050 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Shope, J. T., Copeland, L. A., Kamp, M. E., & Lang, S. W. (1998) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/ptv0-lrr9-8xgu-g120 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Saunders, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Askew, K. L., Ilie, A., Bauer, J. A., Simonet, D. V., Buckner, J. E., V, & Robertson, T. A. (2018) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051818813091 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Preventing alcohol misuse: The impact of refusal skills and norms.
Wynn, S. R., Schulenberg, J. E., Maggs, J. L., & Zucker, R. A. (2000) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037//0893-164x.14.1.36 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Cusp Catastrophe Model for Adolescent Alcohol Use: An Empirical Test
Clair, S. (1998) · Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1022376002167 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hecht, M. L., Elek, E., Wagstaff, D. A., Kam, J. A., Marsiglia, F. F., Dustman, P. A., Reeves, L. J., & Harthun, M. L. (2008) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/de.38.3.c · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Subasree, R., & Nair, A. R. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science · doi:10.9790/0837-19195058 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Social norms and physical activity in American and Canadian contexts: a scoping review
Kim, J., Dunn, E., Rellinger, K., Robertson‐Wilson, J., & Eys, M. (2017) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2017.1354229 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lai, S., Ho, S. Y., & Lam, T. H. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00797.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The role of self-monitoring in adolescents’ susceptibility to passive peer pressure
Perrine, N., & Aloise‐Young, P. A. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.03.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Ammerman, R. T. (1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601353 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Influence of a Nationwide Social Marketing Campaign on Adolescent Drug Use
Scheier, L. M., & Grenard, J. L. (2010) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810731003686580 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Tinner, L., Caldwell, D. M., Hickman, M., MacArthur, G. J., Gottfredson, D. C., Lana, A., Moberg, D. P., Wolfe, D. A., & Campbell, R. M. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6042-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Core competencies and the prevention of adolescent substance use
Haegerich, T. M., & Tolan, P. H. (2008) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.228 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hafner, R. J., Elmes, D. G., Read, D., & White, M. P. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.03.004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Stead, M., Stradling, R. A., MacNeil, M. M., MacKintosh, A. M., & Minty, S. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230701613809 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Resnicow, K., Reddy, S. P., James, S., Omardien, R. G., Kambaran, N. S., Langner, H. G., VAUGHAN, R. D., CROSS, D. S., Hamilton, G., & Nichols, T. R. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9072-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
"Peer influence on adolescent drug use": Comment.
Donaldson, S. I. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.801 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationBuilding Xperience: A Multilevel Alcohol and Drug Prevention Intervention
Diamond, S., Schensul, J. J., Snyder, L. B., Bermudez, A., D'Alessandro, N., & Morgan, D. (2009) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-009-9230-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Predictors of the Likelihood of Delinquency
Ngai, N.-P., & Cheung, C. (2005) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x04265090 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Meanings of smoking and adolescent smoking across ethnicities
Spruijt‐Metz, D., Gallaher, P. E., Unger, J. B., & Johnson, C. A. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.09.009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A synthesis review of exemplary drug abuse prevention programs in the United States
Winters, K. C., Fawkes, T., Fahnhorst, T., Botzet, A. M., & August, G. J. (2006) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.10.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Donaldson, S. I., Graham, J. W., & Hansen, W. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 1994-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 195-216
- ISSN
- 0160-7715 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3521
- OpenAlex
- W2118904669
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholarship @ Claremont (The Claremont Colleges) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01aa006201-08)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA R01AA06201)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- adolescent drug use prevention, social influence theory, normative education, social norms, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, cannabis use, prevention program effectiveness, generalizability, fifth grade students, school-based prevention
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Behavior Therapy, Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Generalization, Psychological, Health Education, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Motivation, Personality Development, Risk Factors, Smoking, Social Environment, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review