The genetic and evolutionary basis of colour variation in vertebrates
Open accessAbstract
Variation in pigmentation is one of the most conspicuous phenotypic traits in vertebrates. Although mammals show less variation in body pigmentation than other vertebrate groups, the genetics of colour determination and variation is best understood for them. More than 150 genes have been identified that influence pigmentation, and in many cases, the cause for variation in pigmentation has been identified down to the underlying nucleotide changes. These studies show that while some genes are often responsible for deviating pigmentation, similar or almost identical phenotypes even in the same species may be due to mutations in different genes. In this review we will first discuss the current knowledge about the genes and their functions underlying the biochemical pathways that determine pigmentation and then give examples where the mutations responsible for colour variation have been determined. Finally, we will discuss potential evolutionary causes for and consequences of differences in pigmentation between individuals.
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Assortative mating based on coloration is common in vertebrates.
“Assortative mating based on coloration is common in vertebrates (57), and skin pigmentation has been observed as a criterion for endogamy in modern human populations (58, 59).”
From Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y (2014) · cites this paper as [57]
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Martinez, J. A. S., Mora, J. M., Rodríguez, J. A., Rojas, E. R., Alvarado, J. R., & Medina, R. T. (2021) · Caribbean Journal of Science · doi:10.18475/cjos.v51i1.a2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Candidate genes underlying hypomelanistic morphs in squamate reptiles
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- Authors
- Hofreiter, M., & Schöneberg, T.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hofreiter, Michael
- Venue
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
- Published
- 2010-03-14
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2591-2603
- ISSN
- 1420-682X (ISSN-L)
- 1420-9071
- PMC
- PMC11115542
- OpenAlex
- W1972312173
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- pigmentation, color variation, vertebrates, pigmentation genes, genetic mutations, mammals
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Color, Biological Evolution, Genes, Mutation, Phenotype, Pigmentation, Reproduction, Vertebrates
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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