Molecular Characterization of Coat Color Gene in Sahiwal versus Karan Fries Bovine
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Melanocortin-1-receptor gene (MC1R) plays a significant role in signaling cascade of melanin production. In cattle, the coat colors, such as red and black, are an outcome of eumelanin and pheomelanin pigments, respectively. The coat colors have become critical factors in the animal selection process. This study is therefore aimed at the molecular characterization of reddish-brown coat-colored Sahiwal cattle in comparison to the black and white-colored Karan Fries. RESULTS: The Sequence length of the MC1R gene was 954 base pairs in Sahiwal cattle. The sequences were examined and submitted to GenBank Acc.No. MG373575 to MG373605. Alignment of both (Sahiwal and Karan Fries) protein sequences by applying ClustalO multiple sequence alignment programs revealed 99.8-96.8% sequence similarity within the bovine. MC1R gene phylogenetic studies were analyzed by MEGA X. The gene MC1R tree, protein confines, and hereditary difference of cattle were derived from Ensemble Asia Cow Genome Browser 97. One unique single-nucleotide polymorphism (c.844C>A) (SNP) was distinguished. Single amino acid changes were detected in the seventh transmembrane structural helix region, with SNP at p.281 T>N of MC1R gene in Karan Fries cattle. CONCLUSIONS: In this current research, we first distinguished the genomic sequence of the MC1R gene regions that showed evidence of coat variation between Indian indigenous Sahiwal cattle breed correlated with crossbreed Karan Fries. These variations were found in the Melanocortin 1 receptor coding regions of the diverse SNPs. The conclusions of this research provide new insights into understanding the coat color variation in crossbreed compared to the Indian Sahiwal cattle.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
MC1R mutations generate the red coat color phenotype in Ankole and Evolèner cattle populations.
“MC1R mutations generate the red coat color phenotype in Ankole and Evolèner cattle populations [82,139].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [139]
The Background and Discussion (page not provided) link MC1R variation, including the recessive e allele, to red coat color in cattle. They do not report this finding for Ankole or Evolèner populations; the population-specific part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON PHYLOGENIES: AN APPROACH USING THE BOOTSTRAP
Felsenstein, J. (1985) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x · Cited by 44,735 · see citing works
MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msy096 · Cited by 37,683 · see citing works
Confidence Limits on Phylogenies: An Approach Using the Bootstrap
Felsenstein, J. (1985) · Evolution · doi:10.2307/2408678 · Cited by 19,371 · see citing works
SignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions
Petersen, T. N., Brunak, S., von Heijne, G., & Nielsen, H. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1701 · Cited by 8,847 · see citing works
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation
Slominski, A., Tobin, D. J., Shibahara, S., & Wortsman, J. (2004) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003 · Cited by 2,015 · see citing works
The variation of animals and plants under domestication /
Darwin, C. R. (1905) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.84435 · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors
Mountjoy, K. G., Robbins, L. S., Mortrud, M. T., & Cone, R. D. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1325670 · Cited by 1,635 · see citing works
New and continuing developments at PROSITE
Sigrist, C. J. A., de Castro, E., Cerutti, L., Cuche, B., Hulo, N., Bridge, A. J., Bougueleret, L., & Xénarios, I. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks1067 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Protter: interactive protein feature visualization and integration with experimental proteomic data
Omasits, U., Ahrens, C. H., Müller, S., & Wollscheid, B. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt607 · Cited by 1,352 · see citing works
Darwin, C. R. (1860) · The Crayon · doi:10.2307/25528056 · Cited by 1,168 · see citing works
Robbins, L. S. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90572-8 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
The Adaptive Significance of Coloration in Mammals
CARO, T. (2005) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:tasoci]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
NetSurfP-2.0: improved prediction of protein structural features by integrated deep learning
Klausen, M., Jespersen, M. C., Nielsen, H., Jensen, K. K., Jurtz, V., Sønderby, C., Sommer, M., Winther, O., Nielsen, M., Petersen, B., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1002/prot.25674 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
The genetic basis of adaptive melanism in pocket mice
Nachman, M. W., Hoekstra, H. E., & D'Agostino, S. L. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0431157100 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
Darwin, C. R. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511709517 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
The role of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor in bovine coat color determination
Klungland, H., Våge, D. I., Gomez‐Raya, L., ADALSTEINSSON, S., & Lien, S. (1995) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/bf00352371 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Melanocortin Receptor 1 (MC1R) Mutations and Coat Color in Pigs
Kijas, J. M. H., Wales, R., Törnsten, A., Chardon, P., Moller, M. J., & Andersson, L. (1998) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/150.3.1177 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Marklund, L., Moller, M. J., Sandberg, K., & Andersson, L. (1996) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s003359900264 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family
Eduardo Eizirik, C., Yuhki, N., Johnson, W. E., Menotti-Raymond, M. A., Hannah, S. S., & O’Brien, S. J. (2003) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00128-3 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Simon, J. D., & Peles, D. N. (2010) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar100079y · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Cieslak, M., Reißmann, M., Hofreiter, M., & Ludwig, A. (2011) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00177.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Tyrosinase maturation through the mammalian secretory pathway: bringing color to life
Wang, N., & Hebert, D. N. (2006) · Pigment Cell Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00288.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Melanocortin 1 receptor variation in the domestic dog
Newton, J. M., Wilkie, A. L., He, L., Jordan, S. A., Bannasch, D. L., Holmes, N. G., Jackson, I. J., & Barsh, G. S. (2000) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s003350010005 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
A non-epistatic interaction of agouti and extension in the fox, Vulpes vulpes
Våge, D. I., Lu, D., Klungland, H., Lien, S., ADALSTEINSSON, S., & Cone, R. D. (1997) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0397-311 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Red coat color in Holstein cattle is associated with a deletion in the MSHR gene
Joerg, H., Fries, H. R., Meijerink, E., & Stranzinger, G. (1996) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s003359900090 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The genetic and evolutionary basis of colour variation in vertebrates
Hofreiter, M., & Schöneberg, T. (2010) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0333-7 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Fontanesi, L., Beretti, F., Riggio, V., Dall’Olio, S., González, E. G., Finocchiaro, R., Davoli, R., Russo, V. C., & Portolano, B. (2009) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-47 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Evolution of melanocortin receptors in teleost fish: The melanocortin type 1 receptor
Selz, Y., Braasch, I., Hoffmann, C., Schmidt, C., Schultheis, C., Schartl, M., & Volff, J. (2007) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2007.07.005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A Ligand-Mimetic Model for Constitutive Activation of the Melanocortin-1 Receptor
Lu, D., Våge, D. I., & Cone, R. D. (1998) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.12.4.0091 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Automated and assisted RNA resonance assignment using NMR chemical shift statistics
Aeschbacher, T., Schmidt, E. Y., Blatter, M., Maris, C., Duss, O., Allain, F. H. ‐., Güntert, P., & Schubert, M. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt665 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pigmentation and behavior: potential association through pleiotropic genes in Drosophila
Takahashi, A. (2013) · Genes & Genetic Systems · doi:10.1266/ggs.88.165 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Brown Coat Color in Icelandic Cattle Produced by the Loci Extension and Agouti
ADALSTEINSSON, S., Bjarnadottir, S. M., Våge, D. I., & Jonmundsson, J. V. (1995) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111609 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pigmentation in Black-boned sheep (Ovis aries): association with polymorphism of the Tyrosinase gene
Deng, W., Xi, D., Gou, X., Yang, S., Shi, X., & Mao, H. (2007) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-007-9097-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sasazaki, S., Munehiro, U. S. U. I., Mannen, H., HIURA, C., & TSUJI, S. (2005) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2005.00247.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The role of MC1R gene in buffalo coat color
Miao, Y., Wu, G.-S., Wang, L., Li, D., Tang, S., Liang, J., Mao, H., Luo, H., & Zhang, Y. (2010) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-010-0026-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hanna, L. L. H., Sanders, J. O., Riley, D. G., Abbey, C. A., & Gill, C. A. (2014) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1186/1297-9686-46-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Senczuk, G., Guerra, L., Mastrangelo, S., Campobasso, C., Kaouadji, Z., Meghelli, I., Marletta, D., Kusza, S., Karslı, T., Gaouar, S. B. S., et al. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11080932 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
MOLECULAR AND PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE MSH-R ALLELES IN SWISS CATTLE BREEDS
Graphodatskaya, D., Joerg, H., & Stranzinger, G. (2002) · Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction · doi:10.1081/rrs-120014611 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bertolini, F., Schiavo, G., Bovo, S., Sardina, M. T., Mastrangelo, S., Dall’Olio, S., Portolano, B., & Fontanesi, L. (2020) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731119003318 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rapid communication: melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) maps to bovine chromosome 18.
Werth, L. A., Hawkins, G. A., Eggen, A., Petit, E., Elduque, C., Kreigesmann, B., & Bishop, M. D. (1996) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/1996.741262x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The diversity of male nuptial coloration leads to species diversity in Lake Victoria cichlids
Miyagi, R., & Terai, Y. (2013) · Genes & Genetic Systems · doi:10.1266/ggs.88.145 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Deng, W., Tan, Y., Wang, X., Xi, D., He, Y., Yang, S., Mao, H., & Gao, S. (2009) · Genome · doi:10.1139/g09-078 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
MC1R c.310G>‐ and c.871G > A determine the coat color of Kumamoto sub‐breed of Japanese Brown cattle
Matsumoto, H., Kojya, M., Takamuku, H., Kimura, S., Kashimura, A., Imai, S., Yamauchi, K., & Ito, S. (2020) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.13367 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The red head and neck of Boer goats may be controlled by the recessive allele of theMC1Rgene
Wu, Z.-L., Li, X., Liu, Y., Gong, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, X., Xin, T., & Ji, Q. (2006) · Animal Research · doi:10.1051/animres:2006020 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flesh color association with polymorphism of the tyrosinase gene in different Chinese chicken breeds
Zhang, J. Q., Chen, H., Sun, Z. J., Liu, X., Qiangba, Y., & Gu, Y. L. (2009) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-009-9567-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Xi, D., Wu, M., Fan, Y., Huo, Y., Leng, J., Gou, X., Mao, H., & Deng, W. (2012) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.041 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
McRobie, H. R., King, L. M., Fanutti, C., Coussons, P. J., Moncrief, N. D., & Thomas, A. (2014) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esu006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
New variants in themelanocortin 1 receptorgene (MC1R) in Asian cattle
Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Ye, S., Faruque, M. O., Yu, Y., Sun, D., Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. (2014) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12160 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bocharov, E. V., Nadezhdin, K. D., Urban, A. S., Volynsky, P. E., Pavlov, K. V., Efremov, R. G., Arseniev, A. S., & Bocharova, O. V. (2019) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.9b00309 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Goud, T. S., Upadhyay, R. C., Onteru, S. K., Pichili, V. B. R., & Chadipiralla, K. (2019) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2019.1585866 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationKasprzak-Filipek, K., Sawicka-Zugaj, W., Litwińczuk, Z., Chabuz, W., Šveistienė, R., & Bulla, J. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10101878 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Goud, T. S., Upadhyay, R. C., Kumar, A. T., Karri, S., Choudhary, R., Ashraf, S., Singh, S. V., Onteru, S. K., & Chadipiralla, K. (2018) · Open Veterinary Journal · doi:10.4314/ovj.v8i4.11 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationGo, H.-A. (2009) · Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society · doi:10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.9.2141 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nucleotide diversity of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) in the gayal (Bos frontalis)
Xi, D., Liu, Q., Huo, Y., Sun, Y., Leng, J., Gou, X., Mao, H., & Deng, W. (2012) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-012-1559-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cooper, C. J., Dutta, N. T., Martin, C. E., Piscione, T. D., Thorner, P. S., & Jones, N. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203905 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Grey, curly and short-haired Swiss Holstein cattle show genetic traces of the Simmental breed
Hauser, M., Wolf-Hofstetter, S., Menzi, F., Studer, E., Rediger, D., Seefried, F. R., & Drögemüller, C. (2020) · Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde · doi:10.17236/sat00272 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hauser, M., Wolf-Hofstetter, S., Menzi, F., Studer, E., Rediger, D., Seefried, F. R., & Drögemüller, C. (2020) · Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) · doi:10.7892/boris.146219 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Melanocortin-1 receptor mutations and pigmentation: Insights from large animals
Ji, R., & Tao, Y. (2022) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Identification of two new recessive MC1R alleles in red‐coloured Evolèner cattle and other breeds
Hauser, M., Signer‐Hasler, H., Küttel, L., Capitan, A., Guldbrandtsen, B., Hinrichs, D., Flury, C., Seefried, F. R., & Drögemüller, C. (2022) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.13206 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jakaria, J., Kholijah, K., Darwati, S., Rahman, Q., Daulay, W. L., Suhendro, I., Londra, I. M., Ulum, M. F., & Noor, R. R. (2023) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2023.1312-1318 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
He, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Gao, H., Zhao, Y., & Guangxin, E. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12121509 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Selection signatures detection in Nelore, Gir, and Red Sindhi cattle breeds
Genuíno, M. V. H., Bessa, A. F. D. O., da Silva, R. T., Câmara, G. M. D. S., Panetto, J. C., Machado, M. A., Caetano, S., Ramos, S. B., Munari, D., Sonstegard, T., et al. (2025) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-025-10125-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Validation of selection signatures for coat color in the Podolica Italiana gray cattle breed
Bruno, S., Rovelli, G., Landi, V., Sbarra, F., Quaglia, A., Pilla, F., Lasagna, E., & Ciani, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2024.1453295 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Genomic regions associated with coat color in Gir cattle
Maciel, S. V. S. A., Oliveira, I. P. P., Senes, B. B., Silva, J. A. I. D. V., Feitosa, F. L. B., Alves, J. S., Costa, R. B., & de Camargo, G. M. F. (2024) · Genome · doi:10.1139/gen-2023-0115 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dominguez, J. M. D., Yebron, M. G. N., Banayo, J. B., Chen, N., Salces, A. J., & Kim, K. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16040539 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution
Liu, Y., Dao, W., Gao, R., Fan, X., Yang, R., & Miao, Y. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16050776 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kholijah, K., Darwati, S., Ulum, M. F., Noor, R. R., & Jakaria, J. (2025) · World s Veterinary Journal · doi:10.54203/scil.2025.wvj96 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hong, Z., Liu, H., Xie, Y., Gong, Y., Qiao, X., Han, C., & Liu, Z.-H. (2025) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795424701424
- Authors
- Goud, T. S., Upadhyay, R. C., Pichili, V. B. R., Onteru, S. K., & Chadipiralla, K.
- Affiliations
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (IN)
- Assam University (IN)
- National Dairy Research Institute (IN)
- Vikrama Simhapuri University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Chadipiralla, Kiranmai
- Venue
- Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22
- ISSN
- 1687-157X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7846656
- OpenAlex
- W3124972865
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (2049-3033)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- MC1R, MC1R gene, coat color, Sahiwal cattle, single nucleotide polymorphisms, eumelanin, pheomelanin, melanogenesis, cattle breed comparison, transmembrane helices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
