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Cited by 275Diet and metabolism studiesDietary Effects on HealthNutritional Studies and Diet

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women

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McAuley, K. A., Hopkins, C. M., Smith, K. J., McLay, R. T., Williams, S. M., Taylor, R. W., Mann, J. I.·2005·Diabetologia
DOI 10.1007/s00125-004-1603-4
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Abstract

Aims/hypothesis A diet low in saturated fatty acids and rich in wholegrains, vegetables and fruit is recommended in order to reduce the risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However there is widespread interest in high-fat ("Atkins Diet") and high-protein ("Zone Diet") alternatives to the conventional high-carbohydrate, high-fibre approach. We report on a randomised trial that compared these two alternative approaches with a conventional diet in overweight insulin-resistant women.Methods Ninety-six normoglycaemic, insulin-resistant women (BMI >27 kg/m(2)) were randomised to one of three dietary interventions: a high-carbohydrate, high-fibre (HC) diet, the high-fat (HF) Atkins Diet, or the high-protein (HP) Zone Diet. The experimental approach was designed to mimic what might be achieved in clinical practice: the recommendations involved advice concerning food choices and were not prescriptive in terms of total energy. There were supervised weight loss and weight maintenance phases (8 weeks each), but there was no contact between the research team and the participants during the final 8 weeks of the study. Outcome was assessed in terms of body composition and indicators of cardiovascular and diabetes risk.Results Body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides and insulin levels decreased with all three diets but, apart from insulin, the reductions were significantly greater in the HF and HP groups than in the HC group. These observations suggest that the popular diets reduced insulin resistance to a greater extent than the standard dietary advice did. When compared with the HC diet, the HF and HP diets were shown to produce significantly (p<0.01) greater reductions in several parameters, including weight loss (HF -2.8 kg, HP -2.7 kg), waist circumference (HF -3.5 cm, HP -2.7 cm) and triglycerides (HF -0.30 mmol/l, HP [corrected] -0.22 mmol/l). LDL cholesterol decreased in individuals on the HC and HP diets, but tended to fluctuate in those on the HF diet to the extent that overall levels were significantly lower in the HP group than in the HF group (-0.28 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.04-0.52, p=0.02). Of those on the HF diet, 25% showed a >10% increase in LDL cholesterol, whereas this occurred in only 13% of subjects on the HC diet and 3% of those on the HP diet.Conclusions/interpretation In routine practice a reduced-carbohydrate, higher protein diet may be the most appropriate overall approach to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. To achieve similar benefits on a HC diet, it may be necessary to increase fibre-rich wholegrains, legumes, vegetables and fruits, and to reduce saturated fatty acids to a greater extent than appears to be achieved by implementing current guidelines. The HF approach appears successful for weight loss in the short term, but lipid levels should be monitored. The potential deleterious effects of the diet in the long term remain a concern.

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Sears B (2000) A week in the Zone. 1st edn. Harper Collins, New York
  2. New Zealand Ministry of Health (2003) Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults: a background paper. Ministry of Health, Wellington, NZ

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Metadata

Authors
McAuley, K. A., Hopkins, C. M., Smith, K. J., McLay, R. T., Williams, S. M., Taylor, R. W., & Mann, J. I.
Affiliations
University of Otago (NZ)
Corresponding author
McAuley, K. A.
ORCID
Venue
Diabetologia
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2004-12-23
Volume
48
Issue
1
Pages
8-16
ISSN
  • 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-0428
DOI
10.1007/s00125-004-1603-4
OpenAlex
W2133088301
Cited by
275
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
FWCI
12.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Health Research Council of New Zealand
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
high-fat diet, high-protein diet, Atkins diet, Zone diet, high-carbohydrate diet, insulin resistance, obesity, overweight women, weight loss, weight maintenance, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, waist circumference, body composition, cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes risk, dietary intervention, saturated fatty acids, whole grains, dietary fiber
MeSH terms
Calorimetry, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Obesity, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Body Size

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