The effect of ketogenic diet on body composition and anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Abstract
This study aimed to summarize earlier randomized controlled trials on the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) on body composition and anthropometric measures. Four databases were searched from inception to May 2020 using relevant keywords. All clinical trials investigating the effects of KD on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), lean body mass (LBM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and percentage body fat (PBF) in adults were included. Overall, 18 trials were included in the review. Pooled effect sizes revealed a significant effect of KD on BW (weighted mean differences [WMD]: −2.87 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.84 to −1.89), BMI (WMD: −1.44 kg/m2, 95% CI: −2.07, −0.81), FM (WMD: −1.40 kg, 95% CI: −2.50, −0.30), FFM (WMD: −0.81 kg, 95% CI: −1.32, −0.30), LBM (WMD: −0.63 kg, 95% CI: −1.21, −0.06), WC (WMD: −3.23 cm, 95% CI: −4.38, −2.09), VAT (WMD: −28.91 g, 95% CI: −50.57, −7.24) and PBF (WMD: −2.81 kg, 95% CI: −3.82, −1.80), respectively. Taken together, the data suggest that KD has beneficial effects on BW, BMI, FM, FFM, LBM, WC, VAT, and PBF. However, the effectiveness of the long term effect of this dietary pattern is unclear.
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Seventeen meta-analyses were included.
“Seventeen meta-analyses were included (Fig. 1 and Additional file 2: Table S3) [1, 2, 15–17, 34–45].”
From Effects of ketogenic diet on health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Amini, M. R., Aminianfar, A., Naghshi, S., Larijani, B., & Esmaillzadeh, A.
- Affiliations
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute (IR)
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-01-14
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 3644-3657
- ISSN
- 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7852
- OpenAlex
- W3119550460
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, body composition, anthropometric measures, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass, fat-free mass, lean body mass, visceral adipose tissue, body fat percentage, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Body Weight, Humans, Body Mass Index, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Waist Circumference, Diet, Ketogenic
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