The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The gender gap in mental health service use
Abstract
Purpose This study examines why men engage less in mental health service use, by studying how gender is performed in interactions, following the doing gender perspective. We hypothesize that seeking help for mental illness may constitute a gendered role conflict among men since help seeking is associated with femininity. Therefore, we expect that men will recommend reliance on self-care options to other men, and in cases in which professional treatment is recommended, they will prefer medication to psychotherapy. We also expect that men will report greater stigmatizing attitudes.Methods The survey Stigma in a Global Context-Belgian Mental Health Study (2009) conducted interviews of a representative sample of the Belgian general population (N = 743). The vignette technique, depicting depressive and schizophrenic symptoms, was used. Multiple linear and logistic models were estimated in SPSS.Results In male vignettes, self-care is more likely to be recommended, both by male and female respondents. Men are less likely to acknowledge the helpfulness of psychotherapy and women rate psychotherapy as less helpful when judging a man compared to a woman. Men rate tranquilizers as more helpful for other males than that women do for other females. Furthermore, male respondents seem to ascribe more shame and blame to the situation.Conclusions The gender gap in mental health service use is due not only to men and their negative attitudes toward help seeking, but also to structured social norms that are reconstructed in interactions. Women also contribute to the maintenance of masculinity norms.
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“Current research suggests that men may benefit from MBIs less than women, and that men are less likely to engage in and acknowledge the helpfulness of psychotherapies such as MBIs (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Pattyn et al., 2015; Rojiani et al., 2017).”
From Feasibility and acceptability of mindful recovery opioid use care continuum (M-ROCC): A concurrent mixed methods study (2021) · cites this paper as Pattyn et al., 2015
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AM I OK ? Investigating the Lived Experience of Emotional Differentiation in a Sample of Irish Men
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“This has been suggested in previous studies where the male respondents associate mental health problems with shame, engage less in mental health services and seek out mental health professionals less than females do (Gouwy et al., 2008; Pattyn et al., 2015).”
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ResultPeynenburg, V. A., Sapkota, R. P., Lozinski, T., Sundström, C., Wilhelms, A., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/44722 · Cited by 3
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“Also employing a vignette design, Pattyn et al. (2015) found that both men and women rated psychotherapy as less helpful for men than for women and were more likely to recommend self-care options over psychotherapy for male vignette characters.”
Tibubos, A. N., Otten, D., Ernst, M., & Beutel, M. E. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cbsj6 · Cited by 3
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Wyman, M. F., Jacobs, J., Stalter, L. N., Venkatesh, M., TRIVEDI, R. B., & Byers, A. L. (2025) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.70082 · Cited by 2
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Lieb, M., Zaiser, C., Laskowski, N. M., Müller, R., Theunert, M., & Paslakis, G. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14185-y · Cited by 2
“Men are less likely to seek mental health care [12] and less inclined to acknowledge the potential benefits of psychotherapy [13].”
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Xavier, R. M., Britt, A. M., Reardon, B., & George, W. T. (2024) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2024.2309523 · Cited by 2
“Mental health care access and utilization still has a gen-dered component with differences in how, when and where women and men receive mental health care (Gagné et al., 2014; Otten et al., 2021; Pattyn et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGesselman, A. N., Kaufman, E. M., Weeks, L. Y. S., Moscovici, Z., Bennett‐Brown, M., Adams, O. R., Campbell, J. T., Piazza, M., Bhuyan, L., Dubé, S., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1292603 · Cited by 2
“Gendered risk factors, societal influences, stigma around male help-seeking, and normalization of mental health conversations among younger audiences on social media platforms could contribute to these patterns (69–72).”
BackgroundSchmitt, C. M., Grasso, L., & Schoen, S. A. (2024) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2024.2343363 · Cited by 3
“Men are reported to prefer medication, find therapy less helpful, and seem to ascribe shame or blame to being in need of care (Pattyn et al., 2015).”
BackgroundVäisänen, V., Mantere, O., Sinervo, T. S., Hietapakka, L., & Elovainio, M. J. (2024) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-024-02497-z · Cited by 2
“However, as noted by Pattyn and colleagues [48], structured social norms, upheld by both men and women, also contribute to the gender gap in service use.”
BackgroundBowers, E. M., Klimczak, K. S., & Levin, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100897 · Cited by 3
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Turner, J. J., Bradford, K. P., & Higginbotham, B. (2021) · Journal of Men's Studies · doi:10.1177/10608265211035788 · Cited by 2
“Relative to women, for example, one study found that men endorse self-care more, ascribe blame and shame in situations, and endorse psychotherapy less (Pattyn et al., 2015), reducing their likelihood of seeking treatment (Salaheddin & Mason, 2016).”
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Volovic-Shushan, S., Krupa, T. M., Bloch, Y., & Lipskaya‐Velikovsky, L. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2022.2076734 · Cited by 3
“Even though only part of these factors were addressed through the study, the results may imply gender differences in response to the intervention, following some previous reports [35 – 36].”
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Inman, M. (2017) · Cited by 2
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Martin-Johnson, K.-A. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 2
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“The gender bias concerning the patient is well-studied (Champagne-Langabeer and Hedges, 2021 ; Pattyn et al., 2015 ), but there is little research on the gender bias concerning the gender of the healthcare practitioner (Champagne-Langabeer et al., 2021 ).”
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“Some evidence, e.g. suggests that gendered expectations on both sides reinforce gendered treatment recommendations [46] which may accumulate the challenges in treatment supply.”
Akçay, S., Akar, B., & Köse, Ö. (2026) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70126 · Cited by 1
Stahl, H., Alferink, J., & Kühme, B. (2025) · PPmP. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-2842-9225 · Cited by 1
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Verbeek-Oudijk, D., de Boer, A., & Woittiez, I. B. (2019) · Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care · doi:10.5505/jaltc.2019.43153 · Cited by 1
“For example, Pattyn, Verhaeghe, and Bracke (2015) show in a vignette study that both men and women were more likely to advise men to look after themselves, and they considered therapy less effective for men.”
BackgroundMotive für die Inanspruchnahme von psychosozialen Unterstützungsleistungen
Böhm, M., & Stiglbauer, B. (2021) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-021-00397-7 · Cited by 1
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Behavioral Health Data: Addressing Women’s Needs
S, A. H. M. L., Levin, B. L., & Menendez, K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58293-6_13 · Cited by 1
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Urbanos-Garrido, R. M., & Agúndez, L. (2025) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.1007/s40258-025-00961-0 · Cited by 1
“…of the gender perspective is an additional contribution to the analysis, which is justified since, as the empirical evidence suggests, the pattern of access to and use of mental health care services is influenced by gender roles [42, 43], and the help-seeking processes vary for men and women [44].”
Freeman, N., & Baldwin, I. (2020) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1712591 · Cited by 1
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Comacchio, C., & Ruggeri, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15038-9_29
Matanovic, I. (2020) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
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de Albuquerque, F. P. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2020.tde-09022021-094039 · Cited by 4
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Lin, C., Moore, D. D., Espinoza, S., & Nylund, D. (2021) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12226
Cambron‐Mellott, M. J., Way, N., Pesa, J. A., Adigun, M., & Wright, H. J. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102299
“In a similar manner, the fact that female gender was associated with greater activation for White and Asian respondents might also reflect different experiences in the healthcare system, with men tending to report more stigma than women around mental health disorders and thus seeking out care less often (Mackenzie et…”
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“This discrepancy may be explained by men ’ s tendency to delay seeking help for mental health issues, as indicated by previous research (Af fl eck et al., 2018; Pattyn et al., 2015).”
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“…of mental health and help-seeking behavior that indicate women are more vocal than men about their emotions (Hunter et al., 2014; Leong & Zachar, 1999; Pattyn et al., 2015) and are more adept at identifying depression and psychosis (Hunter et al., 2014; Kelly et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2020).”
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“Specifically, research suggests that men are less likely to acknowledge the effectiveness of individual therapy (Pattyn et al. 2015), which may lead to lower rates of seeking therapy due to a perception that it is unhelpful.”
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Anghel, E., Graybill, E. C., Lewis, S., & Sanchez, S. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03204-x
“…by male clients; Research suggests that both males and females are more likely to recommend therapy to clients if they are female, even if their symptoms are similar (Pattyn et al., 2015), and that therapists believe that men are less committed and less prepared for therapy (Seidler et al., 2021).”
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“[39,47,49] GSPs can play a crucial role in mitigating the influence of these stereotypes.”
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“13 15 The literature is broadly reflected in our findings, indicating that the service is not directing clients to alternative care more frequently or continues to remain beneficial.”
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Pacella‐LaBarbara, M. L., Hamm, M., Kenkre, N., Plaitano, E. G., Gallo, N., Morford, H. J., Kuhn, E. R., & Suffoletto, B. P. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70085
“In general, men display more negative attitudes towards mental health treatment than women (e.g., less likely to acknowledge the helpfulness of psychotherapy (Pattyn et al. 2015), and men display more stigma in response to mental health treatment and treatment seeking than women (Fox et al. 2015).”
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“This is in line with previous studies finding gender differences in attitudes towards psychological interventions, where men are reported to be less likely to acknowledge the benefits of psychological interventions [35].”
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“This is a notable gap, as Latino men report lower rates of MH service use compared to Latinas and experience higher levels of stigma (Cho et al., 2014; Eisenberg et al., 2011; Pattyn et al., 2015).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., & Bracke, P.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Pattyn, E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2015-03-19
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1089-1095
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- OpenAlex
- W2094992666
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 17.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- help-seeking, masculine norms, doing gender, femininity, mental health stigma, self-care, drug preference, depressive symptoms, shame and blame
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Psychotherapy, Self Care, Sex Factors, Stereotyping, Young Adult, Social Stigma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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