The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The gender gap in mental health service use
Abstract
Purpose This study examines why men engage less in mental health service use, by studying how gender is performed in interactions, following the doing gender perspective. We hypothesize that seeking help for mental illness may constitute a gendered role conflict among men since help seeking is associated with femininity. Therefore, we expect that men will recommend reliance on self-care options to other men, and in cases in which professional treatment is recommended, they will prefer medication to psychotherapy. We also expect that men will report greater stigmatizing attitudes.Methods The survey Stigma in a Global Context-Belgian Mental Health Study (2009) conducted interviews of a representative sample of the Belgian general population (N = 743). The vignette technique, depicting depressive and schizophrenic symptoms, was used. Multiple linear and logistic models were estimated in SPSS.Results In male vignettes, self-care is more likely to be recommended, both by male and female respondents. Men are less likely to acknowledge the helpfulness of psychotherapy and women rate psychotherapy as less helpful when judging a man compared to a woman. Men rate tranquilizers as more helpful for other males than that women do for other females. Furthermore, male respondents seem to ascribe more shame and blame to the situation.Conclusions The gender gap in mental health service use is due not only to men and their negative attitudes toward help seeking, but also to structured social norms that are reconstructed in interactions. Women also contribute to the maintenance of masculinity norms.
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“Current research suggests that men may benefit from MBIs less than women, and that men are less likely to engage in and acknowledge the helpfulness of psychotherapies such as MBIs (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Pattyn et al., 2015; Rojiani et al., 2017).”
From Feasibility and acceptability of mindful recovery opioid use care continuum (M-ROCC): A concurrent mixed methods study (2021) · cites this paper as Pattyn et al., 2015
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Gender Dynamics in Substance Use and Treatment
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“This is consistent with rates of engagement with the mental-health field more generally, in which females are more likely to seek behavioral health support compared to males [36].”
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“Similar to a previous study, females are more likely to practice self-care for mental illness treatment than men.(53) Students with perceived thinness or obesity have poor self-care behaviors in relation to mental health; this finding is similar to a study which showed students who perceived health had stress and poor…”
ResultFirst depressed, then discriminated against?
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The treatment gap for mental disorders and associated factors in the Czech Republic
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“In accordance with literature [23], we found that men less often use MHS and are less willing to seek help, which likely reflects conformity to traditional social masculine norms fostering a culture where both men and women carry negative attitudes towards males’ help-seeking [24].”
MethodMale representation in randomized clinical trials of mindfulness-based therapies
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Self‐Stigma, Mental Health Literacy, and Health Outcomes in Integrated Care
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“Although males have shown significantly more depression, anxiety, and stress than females, evidence has shown that compared with females, males tend to solve their emotional problems themselves and to use fewer mental health services [6,7,68,69].”
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“A gender gap in mental health service use in general is well-known in the international literature, indicating men or individuals with high masculinity being more reluctant (117).”
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COVID-19 and suicide risk in the construction sector: preparing for a perfect storm
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“Men are also less likely than women to seek help when distressed [11].”
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“In addition, the low rate might be related to stigma, leading people not to seek care in specialist psychiatric settings [29, 30].”
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“Women generally tend to care for the health of the whole family and refer others to seek help when deemed necessary (Pattyn et al., 2015).”
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Hansen, A. H., & Høye, A. (2015) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1146-z · Cited by 30
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Visser, M. J., Peters, R. M. H., & Luman, M. (2024) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330241274664 · Cited by 28
“These fi ndings contribute to the growing body of literature identifying lower help-seeking behaviours of men regarding their mental health (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Pattyn et al., 2015).”
Non-suicidal self-injury and attachment trauma in adolescent inpatients with psychiatric disorders
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“This would be in line with studies reporting a strong tendency for males to try to deal with their problems themselves [73].”
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“Indeed, mental health service use is proportionately lower for males [12], people from ethnic minority backgrounds [13], older participants or those living in more rural areas [14].”
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“Previous studies indicate that depression is more common among women than men (24) and that more women access and use mental health services than men (25), thus the current study will also examine gender differences regarding MHL and depression.”
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Adams, C., Gringart, E., & Strobel, N. (2023) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2023.2282540 · Cited by 28
“We expect this effect to be greater on males than females, as females are typically more likely to participate in health research and hold less stigmatised attitudes towards mental illness than males (Glass et al., 2015; Pattyn et al., 2015).”
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Amarasuriya, S. D., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1700-4 · Cited by 23
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“are commonly less likely to acknowledge the helpfulness of therapy in comparison with women.(85) In line with this, most treatment-seeking people with BED are female, and as a result, female therapists may be”
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“*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 in seeking mental health care where women are more likely to seek help than men (Klose & Jacobi, 2004; Pattyn et al., 2015; Rhodes & Goering, 1994) thus gender bias is a limitation to be considered among established gender differences in the literature.”
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“A potential explanation for this might be that help-seeking behavior is often associated with weakness [6,78].”
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“Although skepticism towards psychotherapy is generally known to be more common in men than in women [67,68], the HCPs mentioned it especially regarding men from Turkey and Arabia.”
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“Research into differences in mental health service use across genders has suggested factors such as gendered societal expectations, mental health literacy and methods of communicating with health professionals can impact engagement [45–47].”
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“This is not unusual in research conducted in inpatient psychiatric samples due to the gender gap in mental health service use as men are reported to make fewer visits to mental health specialists than women (Pattyn et al., 2015).”
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“This is important given there are conflicting results and limited explanative power in gender differences in attitudes toward psychological help-seeking (Nam, Chu, Lee, Lee, Kim, & Lee, 2010; Pattyn et al., 2015).”
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“There are well established differences in the prevalence of mental health disorders, symptoms and usage of mental health services [21, 22].”
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“Although the causes of these differences are still not understood completely [62], the variation observed may be due to multiple potential factors, such as hormone mechanisms [63], gender-based violence [64], traditional gender roles [65], discrimination in the workplace or during professional careers [66], low social…”
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“Adolescent boys are more likely than girls to exhibit behavioural problems and death by suicide [6].”
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“Future research should be gender-sensitive and consider the gender gap in mental health services (Pattyn et al., 2015).”
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“However, given the cultural stigma surrounding mental illness and negative attitudes toward seeking help, which is frequently observed among Asians and men (Kudva et al., 2020; Pattyn et al., 2015), it is likely that Korean men are also reluctant to seek assistance for mental health issues.”
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“However, given the gender gap in wider mental health service use and the greater shame and stigma men associate with mental health problems (Pattyn et al., 2015), it may be that women and men experience OCD at similar rates but women are more willing to disclose OCD symptoms and seek treatment…”
Bosqui, T. J., Väänänen, A., Koskinen, A., Buscariolli, A., O’Reilly, D., Airila, A., Toivanen, M., & Kouvonen, A. M. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494819841960 · Cited by 7
“The results indicate generally higher prescription purchases by women, and this is indicative of men’s underuse of mental health care and delay in treatment for severe psychiatric disorders [29], despite an overall higher incidence of psychotic disorders for men [30].”
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“This particular finding is consistent with previous research that has found that women in general tend to experience higher mental health stigma than men (Chandra & Minkovitz, 2006; Pattyn et al., 2015), but it shows that gender differences may also impact health outcomes like depression.”
ResultDepression und Männlichkeit: Krankheitstheorien und Bewältigung – Eine biografisch-narrative Studie
Staiger, T., Stiawa, M., Mueller‐Stierlin, A. S., Kilian, R., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Becker, T. M., Frasch, K., Panzirsch, M., Schmauß, M., et al. (2020) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-1043-8126 · Cited by 7
“Int J Nurs Stud 2003; 40: 153–162 [22] Pattyn E, Verhaeghe M, Bracke P.”
BackgroundVirtanen, M., Peutere, L., Härmä, M., & Ropponen, A. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06193-1 · Cited by 6
“It has also been suggested that cultural assumptions related to both gender and health are produced in social interaction with the environment; therefore, gender roles might guide treatment seeking among women and men [22].”
BackgroundAubin, K. C. M., Thachet, T., Hotston, I., Thompson, A., & Hellemans, K. G. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1532987 · Cited by 7
Olisaeloka, L., Musengimana, G., Valencia, E. J., Vigo, D., & Karim, M. E. (2025) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0004682 · Cited by 6
Iflaifel, M., Hall, C. L., Green, H. R., Willis, A., Rennick‐Egglestone, S., Juszczak, E., Townsend, M., Martin, J. L., & Sprange, K. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08435-9 · Cited by 6
Turner, E. A., Plitt, C., Gamez, Y., & Godfrey, C. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00711-7 · Cited by 6
Allemand, M., Pfund, G. N., & Hill, P. L. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-024-00170-5 · Cited by 7
“There also is evidence from clinical studies that men are less likely than women to seek help for psychological issues (Liddon et al., 2018; Pattyn et al., 2015) and physical health (Ballering et al., 2023).”
Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y. L., Lipsitz, O., Rodrigues, N. B., Gill, H., Ma, J., Wilkialis, L., Tamura, J. K., Siegel, A. N., Chen-Li, D. C. J., et al. (2021) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852921000055 · Cited by 7
“, BZDs), rather thanmanual-based psychotherapy and/or nonpharmacologic interventions, whereas the converse is observed in female patients.(27,28) Taken together, males generally endorse negative attitudes towards treatment seeking (e.”
BackgroundAlanazi, A. O., Alghamdi, A. A., Alessa, R. A., Alsalem, M. N., & Alotaibi, N. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.83872 · Cited by 5
“Consequently, there are notable gender-related differences in access to mental healthcare [4].”
InfluentialLok, R., & Law, Y. (2025) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2025.100596 · Cited by 7
Spinoni, M., Zagaria, A., Pecchinenda, A., & Grano, C. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14100178 · Cited by 6
“These findings, in line with the tendency of personalized medicine and with research consistently reporting gender differences in mental health [29,30], suggest that interventions should take into account gender differences.”
BackgroundResultCedrone, F., Catalini, A., Stacchini, L., Berselli, N., Caminiti, M., Mazza, C., Cosma, C., Minutolo, G., & Martino, G. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192214691 · Cited by 5
“The social construction of masculinity, which requires a man to provide for his problems with his strengths, and the stigma of mental health conditions, with its feeling of shame and blame, are known to be some of the determinants that most affect men’s healthcare service use [4,18].”
BackgroundPatients’ satisfaction with psychiatric nursing care in Benin, Nigeria
Omoronyia, F., Ndiok, A. E., Enang, K. O., & Obande, E. I. (2021) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100282 · Cited by 5
Rafi, M. A., Anika, U. S., Hasan, M. T., & Hossain, M. G. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099770 · Cited by 6
Barlattani, T., Salfi, F., Socci, V., Renzi, G., Bologna, A., Tamanti, S., Trebbi, E., Rossi, A., Romano, F., & Pacitti, F. (2026) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-026-00681-2 · Cited by 4
Predictors of Population Mental Health in Montana: An Occupational Justice Perspective
Bailliard, A., Carroll, A., & D’Agostino, E. (2024) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492241230906 · Cited by 4
“Our models were adjusted for sex as men are far less likely to engage in mental health service use than women (Pattyn et al., 2015) and income because there is an association between low income and poorer mental health (Tibber et al., 2022).”
Esteller-Collado, G., Prieto-Vila, M., Carpallo-González, M., Antuña‐Camblor, C., Ruiz‐Rodríguez, P., González‐Blanch, C., Moriana, J. A., Vindel, A. C., & Muñoz‐Navarro, R. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2573199 · Cited by 4
Recidivism rates of female offenders discharged from forensic psychiatric treatment
Mayer, J., Wolf, V., Steiner, I., Dudeck, M., Klein, V., Streb, J., & Franke, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1556987 · Cited by 4
Weller, P. (2016) · Griffith Law Review · doi:10.1080/10383441.2016.1173630 · Cited by 4
Assari, S., & Dejman, M. (2019) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_333_15 · Cited by 4
LaMontagne, A. D., Cox, L. L., Lockwood, C., Mackinnon, A. J., Hall, N. R., Brimelow, R. E., Le, L. K., Mihalopoulos, C., & King, T. L. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04464-3 · Cited by 4
“Males are also less likely to seek help when distressed compared to females [2].”
Choragudi, S., Andrade, L. F., Silverberg, J. I., & Yosipovitch, G. (2023) · Dermatitis · doi:10.1089/derm.2023.0008 · Cited by 4
Men’s Health Promotion in Waiting Rooms: An Observational Study
Whitehead, M., Chok, H. N., Whitehead, C., & Luck, L. (2021) · International Journal of Men s Social and Community Health · doi:10.22374/ijmsch.v4i1.48 · Cited by 4
Mental Health Treatment Access: Experience, Hypotheticals, and Public Opinion
Haselswerdt, J. (2024) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12726 · Cited by 3
Trompeter, N., Rafferty, L., Dyball, D. M., McKenzie, A. R., Greenberg, N. L., Fear, N. T., & Stevelink, S. A. M. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02567-0 · Cited by 5
“Such differences are mostly attributed to societal gender roles that emphasise care and help-seeking among women and self-reliance and toughness among men [11].”
BackgroundCounseling Stigma: A Gender Analysis of Mental Health Access in Higher Education
Irawan, A. W., Yulindrasari, H., & Dwisona, D. (2024) · Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.51214/00202406837000 · Cited by 3
“This pressure is rooted in a conception of masculinity that associates men with dominance, competition and stifled emotions, which indirectly drives stigma against seeking help for mental health issues (Pattyn et al., 2015).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., & Bracke, P.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Pattyn, E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2015-03-19
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1089-1095
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- OpenAlex
- W2094992666
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 17.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- help-seeking, masculine norms, doing gender, femininity, mental health stigma, self-care, drug preference, depressive symptoms, shame and blame
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Psychotherapy, Self Care, Sex Factors, Stereotyping, Young Adult, Social Stigma
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