Anxiety disorders and all-cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies that examined the relationship between anxiety disorders, or clinically significant anxiety symptoms, at baseline and all-cause mortality at follow-up relative to control participants without clinically significant anxiety.Methods PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and CINAHL were searched through July 2015, along with manual searches of published reviews and forward and backward snowball searches of included studies. Studies were excluded if anxiety was not defined with a standardized instrument, or if participants were followed-up for 1 year or less. The initial search yielded 7901 articles after the removal of duplicates, of which 328 underwent full-text screening.Results Forty-two estimates from 36 articles were included in the meta-analysis with a total sample of 127,552 participants and over 11,573 deaths. The overall hazard ratio (HR) estimate of mortality in clinically anxious participants relative to controls was 1.09 (95 % CI 1.01-1.16); however, this was reduced after adjusting for publication bias (1.03; 95 % CI 0.95-1.13). There was no evidence of increased mortality risk among anxious participants derived from community samples (0.99; 95 % CI 0.96-1.02) and in studies that adjusted for a diagnosis of depression (1.01; 95 % CI 0.96-1.06).Conclusions These findings suggest that positive associations in the literature are attributable to studies in smaller samples, comorbid depression (or other psychiatric conditions) among participants, and possible confounding in medical patient samples followed-up for short durations.
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Meta-analytic research has shown that individuals with clinical anxiety do not live longer relative to controls.
“meta-analytic research has shown that individuals with clinical anxiety do not live longer relative to controls [35].”
From Stoicism and death acceptance: integrating Stoic philosophy in cognitive behaviour therapy for death anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
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Anxiety does not predict mortality. A population-based study
Mirza, S. S., Ikram, M. A., Albert Hofman, D., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20192 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Psychiatric symptoms are not an independent mortality risk factor in community-living elderly people
Benabarre, S., Olivera, J., Aznar, T. L., Rodriguez, M., Barrós‐Loscertales, A., Pelegrín, C., Claver, P., Galindo, I., Labarta, M., & Rodriguez, J. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214000143 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hoogwegt, M. T., Theuns, D. A. M. J., Pedersen, S. S., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.030 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Einvik, G., Dammen, T., Høiseth, A. D., Brynildsen, J., Hagve, T., Christensen, G., Omland, T., & Røsjø, H. R. (2015) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.07.007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: from surveys to nosology and back.
Stein, D. J., Scott, K. M., de Jonge, P., & Kessler, R. C. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/dstein · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Davis, L. L., Schein, J., Cloutier, M., Gagnon-Sanschagrin, P., Maitland, J., Urganus, A., Guerin, A., Lefebvre, P., & Houle, C. R. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.21m14116 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Individuals at High‐Risk of Psychosis: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Barajas, A., Ochoa, S., Obiols, J. E., & Lalucat-Jo, L. (2015) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1155/2015/430735 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Menzies, R. E., & Whittle, L. F. (2022) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-022-00023-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“However, contrary to this view, meta-analytic research has shown that individuals with clinical anxiety do not live longer relative to controls [35].”
ResultLiu, K.-Y. (2017) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spw044 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Miloyan, B., Bulley, A., Bandeen-Roche, K., Eaton, W. W., & Gonçalves-Bradley, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Miloyan, Beyon
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2016-09-14
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1467-1475
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- PMC
- PMC5102798
- OpenAlex
- W2519012446
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG000247)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (026652)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, all-cause mortality, anxiety symptoms, comorbid depression, publication bias, confounding, psychiatric comorbidity, mortality risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Survival Rate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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