Association between psychological distress and mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the link between lower, subclinically symptomatic, levels of psychological distress and cause-specific mortality in a large scale, population based study. DESIGN: Individual participant meta-analysis of 10 large prospective cohort studies from the Health Survey for England. Baseline psychological distress measured by the 12 item General Health Questionnaire score, and mortality from death certification. PARTICIPANTS: 68,222 people from general population samples of adults aged 35 years and over, free of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and living in private households in England at study baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Death from all causes (n = 8365), cardiovascular disease including cerebrovascular disease (n = 3382), all cancers (n = 2552), and deaths from external causes (n = 386). Mean follow-up was 8.2 years (standard deviation 3.5). RESULTS: We found a dose-response association between psychological distress across the full range of severity and an increased risk of mortality (age and sex adjusted hazard ratio for General Health Questionnaire scores of 1-3 v score 0: 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 1.27; scores 4-6: 1.43, 1.31 to 1.56; and scores 7-12: 1.94, 1.66 to 2.26; P<0.001 for trend). This association remained after adjustment for somatic comorbidity plus behavioural and socioeconomic factors. A similar association was found for cardiovascular disease deaths and deaths from external causes. Cancer death was only associated with psychological distress at higher levels. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological distress is associated with increased risk of mortality from several major causes in a dose-response pattern. Risk of mortality was raised even at lower levels of distress.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Stress and negative emotions increase susceptibility to or worsen outcomes from a wide range of physical illnesses.
“increase susceptibility to or worse outcomes from a wide range of physical illnesses [347–351]”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [347]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports an association between psychological distress and mortality from cardiovascular disease and, at higher distress levels, cancer. It does not establish that stress or negative emotions cause illness, increase susceptibility to a wide range of illnesses, or worsen outcomes other than mortality. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDiagnosed psychiatric disorders are associated with higher mortality risk, including increased rates of cancer deaths, due to the causal relationship between stress and telomere attrition.
“Diagnosed psychiatric disorders, in turn, have been associated with higher mortality risk, including increased rates of cancer deaths.This is due to the causal relationship between stress and telomere attrition (cellular ageing) [4,11].”
From Climate Distress: A Review of Current Psychological Research and Practice (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
The Cancer deaths section reports higher cancer mortality only among participants with high psychological-distress scores; the Mechanism of effect section also says psychiatric illness is associated with increased mortality. But the study measured symptoms of distress, not diagnosed psychiatric disorders, and its discussion of possible mechanisms does not identify telomere attrition or establish a causal explanation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychological distress increases morbidity and risk of premature mortality in a dose-response relationship.
“Psychological distress increases morbidity from a host of conditions and increases risk for premature mortality in a dose–response relationship.2 3”
From Novel ACT-based eHealth psychoeducational intervention for students with mental distress: A study protocol for a mixed-methodology pilot trial (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
The Discussion reports a dose-response association between psychological distress and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and external causes; the cancer association appeared only at higher distress levels. The paper analyzes deaths, not morbidity from a host of conditions, and describes an association rather than establishing that distress causes the increased risk. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793 · see citing works
Conducting Meta-Analyses in <i>R</i> with the <b>metafor</b> Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010 · Cited by 17,796 · see citing works
Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.ad · Cited by 10,766 · see citing works
The Validity of Two Versions of the GHQ in the WHO Study of Mental Illness in General Health Care
GOLDBERG, D. P., GATER, R., SARTORIUS, N., USTUN, T. B., PICCINELLI, M., GUREJE, O., & RUTTER, C. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004242 · Cited by 3,657 · see citing works
Kirkwood, B. R., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2014) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 2,851 · see citing works
Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Glucose, and Risk of Cause-Specific Death
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1008862 · Cited by 2,726 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.012 · Cited by 2,698 · see citing works
Excess mortality of mental disorder
Harris, C., & Barraclough, B. (1998) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.173.1.11 · Cited by 1,881 · see citing works
Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina
Glassman, A. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.6.701 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Nicholson, A., Kuper, H., & Hemingway, H. (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl338 · Cited by 1,353 · see citing works
Hemingway, H., & Marmot, M. G. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7196.1460 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
Do stress-related psychosocial factors contribute to cancer incidence and survival?
Chida, Y., Hamer, M., Wardle, J., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Oncology · doi:10.1038/ncponc1134 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression and cancer: mechanisms and disease progression
Spiegel, D., & Giese-Davis, J. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00566-3 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Depression and Risk of Stroke Morbidity and Mortality: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Pan, A., Sun, Q., Okereke, O. I., Rexrode, K. M., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1282 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
The cardiovascular toll of stress
Brotman, D. J., Golden, S. H., & Wittstein, I. S. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61305-1 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease in men.
Kawachi, I. I., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (1994) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.89.5.1992 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Minor and Major Depression and the Risk of Death in Older Persons
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Geerlings, S. W., Deeg, D. J. H., van Eijk, J. T. M., van Tilburg, W., & Beekman, A. T. F. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.889 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Mika Kivimaki, B., Head, J. A., Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Vahtera, J., & Marmot, M. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7411.364 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 investigators, Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00331.x · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Cohort Profile: The Health Survey for England
Mindell, J., Biddulph, J. P., Hirani, V., Stamatakis, E., Craig, R., Nunn, S., & Shelton, N. (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr199 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological Distress as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Events
Hamer, M., Molloy, G. J., & Stamatakis, E. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.057 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological distress and cancer mortality
Hamer, M., Chida, Y., & Molloy, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.11.002 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmitz, N., Kruse, J., Heckrath, C., Alberti, L., & Tress, W. (1999) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050156 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Psychological distress as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Whitehall II Study
Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Shipley, M. J., & Marmot, M. G. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.248 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Blazer, D. G., Hybels, C. F., & Pieper, C. F. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.8.m505 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Aalto, A., Elovainio, M. J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Uutela, A. K., & Pirkola, S. P. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.008 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD): Study design and methods
The ENRICHD investigators (2000) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(00)90301-6 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Davis, M. C., Matthews, K. A., & Twamley, E. W. (1999) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02895038 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Inflammatory markers in depression
Dinan, T. G. (2008) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328315a561 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Holi, M. M., MARTTUNEN, M. J., & Aalberg, V. (2003) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480310001418 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Molloy, G. J., Stamatakis, E. A., Randall, G., & Hamer, M. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.010 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes Psychological Distress Predict the Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack?
May, M., McCarron, P., Stansfeld, S. A., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Gallacher, J., Yarnell, J., Smith, G. D., Elwood, P. C., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2002) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/hs0102.100529 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Hankins, M. (2008) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1745-0179-4-10 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Symptoms of psychological distress predict 7-year mortality
Huppert, F. A., & Whittington, J. E. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700037569 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Öhlin, B. (2004) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.03.003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Antidepressant medication use and future risk of cardiovascular disease: the Scottish Health Survey
Hamer, M., Batty, G. D., Seldenrijk, A., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq438 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationScherrer, J. F., Chrusciel, T., Zeringue, A., Garfield, L. D., Hauptman, P. J., Lustman, P. J., Freedland, K. E., Carney, R. M., Bucholz, K. K., Owen, R. R., et al. (2010) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.02.033 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Overall Mortality in the Framingham Heart Study
Wulsin, L. R., Evans, J. C., Vasan, R. S., Murabito, J. M., Kelly‐Hayes, M., & Benjamin, E. J. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000181274.56785.28 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
psychological distress and premature mortality in the general Population: a prospective study
Robinson, K. L., McBeth, J., & Macfarlane, G. J. (2004) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.11.007 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., ten Have, M., Beekman, A., & Vollebergh, W. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00222.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Galé, C. R., Batty, G. D., Osborn, D., Tynelius, P., Whitley, E., & Rasmussen, F. E. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2000 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina
Glassman, A. H., O’Connor, C. M., & Califf, R. M. (2002) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/s1062-1458(02)00908-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Psychological distress, physical illness, and risk of coronary heart disease
Rasul, F., Stansfeld, S. A., Hart, C. L., & Smith, G. D. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.019786 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Psychiatric Hospital Admissions, Behavioral Risk Factors, and All-Cause Mortality
Hamer, M., Stamatakis, E. A., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.22.2474 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological distress measured by the GHQ-12 and mortality: A prospective population-based study
Puustinen, P. J., Koponen, H., Kautiainen, H., Mäntyselkä, P. T., & Vanhala, M. J. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494811414244 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Yasuda, N., Mino, Y., Koda, S., & Ohara, H. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50064.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Stamatakis, E., Hamer, M., & Primatesta, P. (2008) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2008.152041 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationAudit of necropsies in a British district general hospital.
Harris, M. D., & Blundell, J. W. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.44.10.862 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gulsvik, A. K., Gulsvik, A., SVENDSEN, E. K., Maehle, B. O., Thelle, D. S., & Wyller, T. B. (2010) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-010-9535-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD): Study design and methods
(2000) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1067/mhj.2000.101778 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Audit of necropsies in a British district general hospital.
Mears, T. P., Coppen, M. J., & Thomas, S. M. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.45.6.549-b · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Blazer DG, Hybels CF, Pieper CF. The association of depression and mortality in elderly persons. J Gerontol A-Biol 2001;56:M505-9.
- Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, Rexrode KM, Hu FB. Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality. JAMA 2011;306:1241-9.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications
Koenig, H. G. (2012) · ISRN Psychiatry · doi:10.5402/2012/278730 · Cited by 2,423 · see citing works
“…(depression, anxiety) have (1) adverse e ff ects on physiological systems vital for maintenance of physical health and healing [344–346], (2) increase susceptibility to or worse outcomes from a wide range of physical illnesses [347–351], and (3) may shorten the lifespan prematurely [352, 353].”
BackgroundIncome inequality and health: A causal review
Pickett, K. E., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.031 · Cited by 2,120 · see citing works
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
(2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/127.1433-9285 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
Effects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease
Kivimäki, M., & Steptoe, A. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.189 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Handbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Wang, Y.-H., Li, J.-Q., Shi, J.-F., Que, J.-Y., Liu, J.-J., Lappin, J. M., Leung, J., Ravindran, A. V., Chen, W.-Q., Qiao, Y.-L., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0595-x · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Batty, G. D., Gale, C. R., Kivimäki, M., Deary, I. J., & Bell, S. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m131 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences
Jiang, B., Chang, C., & SULLIVAN, W. C. (2014) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.08.005 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Niedzwiedz, C. L., Green, M. J., Benzeval, M., Campbell, D., Craig, P., Demou, E., Leyland, A., Pearce, A., Thomson, R., Whitley, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215060 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Kemp, A. H., & Quintana, D. S. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.018 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
The intriguing relationship between coronary heart disease and mental disorders
Binder, M. D., Detraux, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2018) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2018.20.1/mdehert · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Darin‐Mattsson, A., Fors, S., & Kåreholt, I. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0670-3 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases
Harshfield, E. L., Pennells, L. A. M., Schwartz, J. E., Willeit, P., Kaptoge, S. K., Bell, S., Shaffer, J. A., Bolton, T. R., Spackman, S., Wassertheil‐Smoller, S., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.23068 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Batty, G. D., Russ, T. C., Stamatakis, E., & Kivimäki, M. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j108 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Jokela, M. M., Batty, G. D., Nyberg, S. T., Virtanen, M., Nabi, H., Singh‐Manoux, A., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt170 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study
Ammar, A., Mueller, P., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O. F., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Brach, M., Schmicker, M., Bentlage, E., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240204 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Lifestyle Medicine: A Brief Review of Its Dramatic Impact on Health and Survival
Bodai, B. I., Nakata, T. E., Wong, W. T., Clark, D. R., Lawenda, S., Tsou, C., Liu, R., Shiue, L., Cooper, N., Rehbein, M., et al. (2018) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/17-025 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Prevalence of psychosocial distress in cancer patients across 55 North American cancer centers
Carlson, L. E., Zelinski, E. L., Toivonen, K. I., Sundstrom, L., Jobin, C. T., Damaskos, P., & Zebrack, B. (2019) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2018.1521490 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Creative Arts Interventions for Stress Management and Prevention—A Systematic Review
Martin, L. A. L., Oepen, R., Bauer, K., Nottensteiner, A., Mergheim, K., Gruber, H., & Koch, S. C. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8020028 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Heikkilä, K., Nyberg, S. T., Theorell, T., Fransson, E. I., Alfredsson, L. S., Bjørner, J. B., Bonenfant, S., Borritz, M., Bouillon, K., Burr, H., et al. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f165 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationShort-run effects of job loss on health conditions, health insurance, and health care utilization
Schaller, J., & Stevens, A. H. (2015) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.07.003 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Prior, A., Fenger-Grøn, M., Larsen, K. K., Larsen, F. B., Robinson, K. M., Nielsen, M. G., Christensen, K. S., Mercer, S. W., & Vestergaard, M. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv324 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The effects of air pollution on individual psychological distress
Sass, V., Kravitz‐Wirtz, N., Karceski, S. M., Hajat, A., Crowder, K. D., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2017) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.006 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Fredriksen‐Goldsen, K. I., Hoy‐Ellis, C. P., Goldsen, J., Emlet, C. A., & Hooyman, N. R. (2014) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2014.890690 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Lundin, A., Hallgren, M. Å., Theobald, H., Hellgren, C., & Torgén, M. (2016) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.005 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Do Disordered Eating Behaviours Have Long‐term Health‐related Consequences?
Kärkkäinen, U., Mustelin, L., Raevuori, A., Kaprio, J. A., & Keski‐Rahkonen, A. (2017) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2568 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Undergraduate Students: A Cross Sectional Study
Teh, C. K., Ngo, C. W., Zulkifli, R. A. B., Vellasamy, R., & Suresh, K. (2015) · Open Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.4236/ojepi.2015.54030 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Why People Are in a Generally Good Mood
Diener, E., Satoshi Kanazawa, A., Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314544467 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
John, A. M., McGregor, J., Fone, D. L., Dunstan, F., Cornish, R., Lyons, R. A., & Lloyd, K. R. (2016) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0274-7 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Rozanski, A. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.047 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Globalization, Work, and Cardiovascular Disease
Schnall, P. L., Dobson, M., & Landsbergis, P. A. (2016) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731416664687 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Zeng, Y.-Y., Hu, C.-H., Li, Y.-Z., Zhou, J.-S., Wang, S.-X., Liu, M.-D., Qiu, Z.-H., Deng, C., Ma, F., Xia, C., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02929-4 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Fone, D. L., White, J., Farewell, D. M., Kelly, M. J., John, G., Lloyd, K. R., Williams, G. H., & Dunstan, F. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713003255 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Health App Use Among US Mobile Phone Users: Analysis of Trends by Chronic Disease Status
Robbins, R., Krebs, P. M., Jagannathan, R., Jean‐Louis, G., & Duncan, D. T. (2017) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.7832 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Chronischer Stress bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland
Hapke, U., Maske, U., Scheidt‐Nave, C., Bode, L., Schlack, R., & Busch, M. A. (2013) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-013-1690-9 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Batty, G. D., Kivimäki, M., Bell, S., Gale, C. R., Shipley, M., Whitley, E., & Gunnell, D. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0072-8 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationLazzarino, A. I., Hamer, M., Stamatakis, E., & Steptoe, A. (2013) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182898e6d · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes positivity enhance work performance?: Why, when, and what we don’t know
Tenney, E. R., Poole, J. M., & Diener, E. (2016) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.002 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Smokers With Behavioral Health Comorbidity Should Be Designated a Tobacco Use Disparity Group
Williams, J. M., Steinberg, M. L., Griffiths, K. G., & Cooperman, N. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301232 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Stress-Mediated Cardiovascular Disease
Hering, D., Lachowska, K., & Schlaich, M. P. (2015) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0594-5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Stress and cardiovascular disease
Cho, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2013.56.6.462 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Rooney, C., McKinley, M. C., & Woodside, J. V. (2013) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665113003388 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Michelle Luciano, A., Altschul, D., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Galé, C. R. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.021 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Stress and Its Effects on Vascular Health
Sara, J. D. S., Toya, T., Ahmad, A., Clark, M. M., Gilliam, W. P., Lerman, L. O., & Lerman, A. (2022) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.02.004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The neuroscience of sadness: A multidisciplinary synthesis and collaborative review
Arias-López, J. A., Williams, C., Raghvani, R., Aghajani, M., Báez, S., Belzung, C., Booij, L., Busatto, G. F., Chiarella, J., Fu, C. H. Y., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.006 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
McLachlan, K. J. J., & Gale, C. R. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.04.004 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Berglund, E., Lytsy, P., & Westerling, R. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0309-2 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Hamer, M., Coombs, N. A., & Stamatakis, E. A. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004580 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation Between Depression and Physical Conditions Requiring Hospitalization
Frank, P., Batty, G. D., Pentti, J., Jokela, M. M., Poole, L., Ervasti, J. M., Vahtera, J., Lewis, G., Steptoe, A., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0777 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationKemp, A. H., Koenig, J., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.006 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Russ, T. C., Kivimäki, M., Morling, J. R., Starr, J. M., Stamatakis, E., & Batty, G. D. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.004 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationGalante, J., Friedrich, C., Collaboration of Mindfulness Trials (CoMinT), Aeamla-Or, N., Arts-de Jong, M., Barrett, B., Bögels, S. M., Buitelaar, J. K., Checovich, M. M., Christopher, M. S., et al. (2023) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00081-5 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“If unaddressed, psychological distress can result in mental and physical health disorders 10 .”
Amagasa, S., Fukushima, N., Kikuchi, H., Oka, K., Takamiya, T., Odagiri, Y., & Inoue, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175392 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders and all-cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis
Miloyan, B., Bulley, A., Bandeen-Roche, K., Eaton, W. W., & Gonçalves-Bradley, D. C. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1284-6 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Khan, A., Faucett, J., Morrison, S., & Brown, W. A. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.149 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Hong, J. H., Lachman, M. E., Charles, S. T., Chen, Y., Wilson, C. L., Nakamura, J. S., VanderWeele, T. J., & Kim, E. S. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106612 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Koyanagi, A., Ward, P. B., Veronese, N., Carvalho, A. F., Solmi, M., Mugisha, J., Rosenbaum, S., Binder, M. D., & Stubbs, B. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx159 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Exposome in ischaemic heart disease: beyond traditional risk factors
Montone, R. A., Camilli, M., Calvieri, C., Magnani, G., Bonanni, A., Bhatt, D. L., Rajagopalan, S., Crea, F., & Niccoli, G. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Violence and birth outcomes: Evidence from homicides in Brazil
Koppensteiner, M. F., & Manacorda, M. (2015) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.11.003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Diebig, M., Bormann, K. C., & Rowold, J. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.04.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
When Is Higher Neuroticism Protective Against Death? Findings From UK Biobank
Galé, C. R., Čukić, I., Batty, G. D., McIntosh, A. M., Weiß, A., & Deary, I. J. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617709813 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic Stress, Social Isolation, and Perceived Loneliness in Dementia Caregivers
Kovaleva, M. A., Spangler, S. A., Clevenger, C. K., & Hepburn, K. W. (2018) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20180329-04 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Vathesatogkit, P., Batty, G. D., & Woodward, M. (2014) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203053 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationKozela, M., Bobák, M., Besala, A., Micek, A., Kubínová, R., Malyutina, S. K., Вахтанговна, Д. Д., Richards, M., Pikhart, H., Peasey, A., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316649493 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
‘Hearts and minds’: association, causation and implication of cognitive impairment in heart failure
Cannon, J. A., McMurray, J. J. V., & Quinn, T. J. (2015) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0106-5 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ratjen, I., Schafmayer, C., Enderle, J., di Giuseppe, R., Waniek, S., Koch, M., Burmeister, G., Nöthlings, U., Hampe, J., Schlesinger, S., et al. (2018) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-018-5075-1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Droogenbroeck, F. V., & Spruyt, B. (2015) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.06.006 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Peters, E. M. J. (2016) · JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/ddg.12957 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Psychological Distress and Social Functioning in Elderly Spanish People: A Gender Analysis
Aznar, M. P. M., & García, M. C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16030341 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Primitive mechanisms of trauma response: an evolutionary perspective on trauma-related disorders.
Baldwin, D. V. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.004 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Psychological Distress and Metabolomic Markers: A Systematic Review
Zhu, Y., Jha, S. C., Shutta, K. H., Huang, T., Balasubramanian, R., Clish, C. B., Hankinson, S. E., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104954 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Persistent psychological distress and mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease
Stewart, R., Colquhoun, D. M., Marschner, S. L., Kirby, A. C., Simes, J. R., Nestel, P. J., Glozier, N., O'Neil, A. E., Oldenburg, B. F., White, H. D., et al. (2017) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-311097 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sloan, R. A., Sawada, S. S., Girdano, D. A., Liu, Y. T., Biddle, S., & Blair, S. N. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-885 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Social Ties, Health and Wellbeing: A Literature Review and Model”,
Kemp, A. H., Arias, J. A., & Fisher, Z. (2017) · Neuroscience and Social Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68421-5_17 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Predictors of depression and anxiety in community dwelling stroke survivors: a cohort study
White, J. H., Attia, J., Sturm, J. W., Carter, G. L., & Magin, P. J. (2014) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.884172 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Psychological Distress and Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in the 45 and Up Study
Jackson, C., Sudlow, C. L. M., & Mishra, G. D. (2018) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.117.004500 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Serino, S., Triberti, S., Villani, D., Cipresso, P., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2014) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-013-0237-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A Scientific Review of the Remarkable Benefits of Happiness for Successful and Healthy Living
Diener, E., & Tay, L. (2013) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Psychological Distress in Elite Adolescent Soccer Players Following Deselection
Blakelock, D. J., Chen, M. A., & Prescott, T. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2015-0010 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Perales, F., del Pozo-Cruz, J., & Cruz, B. D. P. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302169 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Yang, L., Zhao, M., Magnussen, C. G., Veeranki, S. P., & Xi, B. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2019-213144 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Association of Systemic Inflammation With Risk of Completed Suicide in the General Population
Batty, G. D., Bell, S., Stamatakis, E. A., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1805 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationLundin, A., Åhs, J. W., Åsbring, N., Kosidou, K., Dal, H., Tinghög, P., Saboonchi, F., & Dalman, C. (2016) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2016.1246608 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Iyengar Yoga for Distressed Women: A 3-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial
Michalsen, A., Jeitler, M., Brunnhuber, S., Lüdtke, R., Büssing, A., Musial, F., Dobos, G. J., & Keßler, C. S. (2012) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/408727 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Antai, D., Oke, A., Braithwaite, P., & Lopez, G. B. (2014) · International Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.1155/2014/852317 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Determinants of self-perceived health for Canadians aged 40 and older and policy implications
Bonner, W. I. A., Weiler, R., Orisatoki, R., Lu, X., Andkhoie, M., Ramsay, D. E., Yaghoubi, M., Steeves, M., Szafron, M., & Farag, M. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0595-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Citizenship as Privilege and Social Identity
Gee, G. C., Morey, B. N., Walsemann, K. M., Ro, A. E., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2016) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764216632834 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Fear, Anxiety and Health-Related Consequences After the Covid-19 Epidemic.
(2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cn20200215 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cold homes and mental health harm: Evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study
Clair, A., & Baker, E. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115461 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety among hypertensive and diabetic primary health care patients
Al-Khathami, A. D., Alamin, M. A., Alqahtani, A. M., AlSaeed, W. Y., Al-Khathami, M. A., & Al-Dhafeeri, A. H. (2017) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2017.6.17941 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Rutters, F., Pilz, S., Koopman, A. D. M., Rauh, S. P., Velde, S. J. T., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Elders, P. J. M., Nijpels, G., & Dekker, J. M. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Predictability of frailty index and its components on mortality in older adults in China
Yang, F., & Gu, D. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0317-z · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Chronic widespread pain and increased mortality: biopsychosocial interconnections
Silva, J. D. D., Geenen, R., & Jacobs, J. (2017) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211893 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ehrhardt, M. J., Liu, Q., Dixon, S. B., Caron, E., Redd, D., Shelton, K., Huang, I., Bhakta, N. H., Ness, K. K., Mulrooney, D. A., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.55395 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kyrou, I., Kollia, N., Panagiotakos, D. B., Georgousopoulou, E. N., Chrysohoou, C. A., Tsigos, C., Randeva, H. S., Yannakoulia, M., Stefanadis, C., Papageorgiou, C., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316670918 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND COMORBID PHYSICAL CONDITIONS: DISEASE OR DISABILITY?
Byles, J., Robinson, I. A., Banks, E., Gibson, R. E., Leigh, L., Rodgers, B., Curryer, C., & Jorm, L. R. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22162 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Prudenzi, A., D. Graham, C., Flaxman, P. E., & O’Connor, D. B. (2022) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1898651 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Caseness of psychological distress was also calculated by using a GHQ-scoring method, with scores greater than 4 points indicating symptomatic levels of distress (Russ et al., 2012).”
MethodKachur, S. M., Menezes, A. R., Schutter, A. D., Milani, R. V., & Lavie, C. J. (2016) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.006 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Prior, A., Fenger‐Grøn, M., Davydow, D. S., Olsen, J., Li, J., Guldin, M., & Vestergaard, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002380 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Papadopoulou, A., Govina, O., Tsatsou, I., Μαντζώρου, Μ., Mantoudi, A., Tsiou, C., & Αδαμακίδου, Θ. (2022) · Medicine and Pharmacy Reports · doi:10.15386/mpr-2458 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
- Authors
- Russ, T. C., Stamatakis, E., Hamer, M., Starr, J. M., Kivimaki, M., & Batty, G. D.
- Affiliations
- National Health Service Scotland (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Russ, T. C.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2012-07-31
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- jul31 4
- Pages
- e4933-e4933
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3409083
- OpenAlex
- W2126872292
- Cited by
- 637
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Scottish Government
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (R01AG034454)
- British Heart Foundation (RG/10/005/28296, RG/07/008/23674)
- University of Edinburgh (G0700704/84698)
- Academy of Finland (R01 AG034454)
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
- National Institutes of Health
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council (R01AG034454)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council (R01AG034454, R01HL036310)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG034454)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- psychological distress, mortality, cause-specific mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, external causes of death, dose-response relationship, General Health Questionnaire, socioeconomic factors, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, England, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
