Involvement of per-and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in tumor development
Open accessAbstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of synthetic persistent chemicals, which are used in many industrial and commercial applications. Hundreds of different PFAS have been identified in the environment and they are commonly found also in human blood. Due to the chemical stability and extensive use, PFAS pose a risk for human health and wildlife. Mounting evidence indicates that PFAS-exposure adversely affects many organs including liver, kidney, and reproductive tissues and induces tumors in laboratory rodents. Epidemiological studies show association between PFAS-exposure and some tumors also in humans. Effects of PFAS-exposure are complex and obviously do not depend only on the concentration and the structure of PFAS, but also on age and sex of the exposed individuals. It has been difficult to show a causal link between PFAS-exposure and tumors. Moreover, molecular mechanisms of the PFAS effects in different tissues are poorly understood. PFAS are not directly mutagenic and they do not induce formation of DNA binding metabolites, and thus are assumed to act more through non-genotoxic mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the involvement of PFAS-compounds in tumor development in tissues where PFAS exposure has been associated with cancer in epidemiological and animal studies (liver, kidney, testicle and breast). We will focus on molecular pathways and mechanisms related to tumor formation following PFAS-exposure.
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PFAS exposure is associated with testicular and breast cancer, with high risk in adults.
“| Cancer Risk | testicular, breast cancer. | High | Adults | Long-term cancer risk | [234,235] |”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [234]
The Introduction and the sections on testicular tumors and the mammary gland report associations between PFAS exposure and both cancers, including evidence involving adults. They do not establish that cancer risk is uniformly “high” for adults; the breast-cancer section describes the evidence as “some evidence” and notes differences by exposure level and tumor type. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Pesonen, M., & Vähäkangas, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Pesonen, Maija
- ORCID
- Pesonen, Maija
- Venue
- Archives of Toxicology
- Published
- 2024-03-13
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1241-1252
- ISSN
- 0340-5761 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0738
- PMC
- PMC10965717
- OpenAlex
- W4392763702
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Toxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Eastern Finland
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Synthesis and properties of polymers
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, carcinogenesis, cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, breast cancer, molecular pathways, PFAS exposure, persistent organic pollutants, human health risk
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Kidney, Liver, Neoplasms, Mutagenesis, Alkanesulfonic Acids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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