Forced swimming test in mice: A review of antidepressant activity

Petit-Demouliere, Benoit; Chenu, Franck; Bourin, Michel

doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2048-7

Cited by 1,003Treatment of Major DepressionNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorAnimal testing and alternatives

Forced swimming test in mice: A review of antidepressant activity

Petit-Demouliere, Benoit, Chenu, Franck, Bourin, Michel·2005·Psychopharmacology

DOI 10.1007/s00213-004-2048-7

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Abstract

Rationale Among all animal models, the forced swimming test (FST) remains one of the most used tools for screening antidepressants.Objective This paper reviews some of the main aspects of the FST in mice. Most of the sensitivity and variability factors that were assessed on the FST are summarized.Mechanisms We have summarized data found in the literature of antidepressant effects on the FST in mice. From this data set, we have extrapolated information on baseline levels of strain, and sensitivity against antidepressants.Results We have shown that many parameters have to be considered in this test to gain good reliability. Moreover, there was a fundamental inter-strain difference of response in the FST.Conclusions The FST is a good screening tool with good reliability and predictive validity. Strain is one of the most important parameters to consider. Swiss and NMRI mice can be used to discriminate the mechanisms of action of drugs. CD-1 seems to be the most useful strain for screening purposes, but this needs to be confirmed with some spontaneous locomotor activity studies.

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Immobility in the forced-swim test is a passive coping strategy and is often used as an indicator of a depression-like state in rodents.
“Immobility in the forced-swim test represents a passive coping strategy in the face of challenge and is often used to indicate a depression-like state in rodent models (Petit-Demouliere et al., 2005).”
From Anatomically defined and functionally distinct dorsal raphe serotonin sub-systems (2018) · cites this paper as Petit-Demouliere et al., 2005

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Authors: Petit-Demouliere, B., Chenu, F., & Bourin, M.
Affiliations: Nantes Université (FR)
Corresponding author: Bourin, Michel
ORCID: Bourin, Michel
Venue: Psychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2004-11-18
Volume: 177
Issue: 3
Pages: 245-255
ISSN: 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
1432-2072
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2048-7
OpenAlex: W1996166611
Cited by: 1,003
References: 103
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 1.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
Keywords: forced swim test, antidepressant screening, mouse strains, interstrain differences, test sensitivity, test variability, predictive validity, ICR mice, Swiss mice, NMRI mice, locomotor activity
MeSH terms: Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Behavior, Animal, Humans, Psychopharmacology, Swimming, Mice

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Forced swimming test in mice: A review of antidepressant activity

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