Operant responding for conditioned and unconditioned reinforcers in rats is differentially enhanced by the primary reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine
Abstract
Rationale Nicotine self-administration in rats is modest when response-contingent nicotine infusions are delivered alone (primary reinforcement) but robust when nicotine infusions are combined with a mildly reinforcing non-pharmacological stimulus. Furthermore, response-independent (non-contingent) nicotine administration also elevates responding for that same non-pharmacological stimulus, suggesting that in addition to primary reinforcement, nicotine can enhance the incentive value of other reinforcers.Objectives In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the reinforcement-enhancing effects of non-contingent nicotine are more dependent on the reinforcing strength of the non-pharmacological stimulus than are the effects of contingent nicotine.Materials and methods A weakly reinforcing light-tone stimulus was established as a conditioned reinforcer by repeated pairings with sucrose for some rats, or by delivery in an explicitly unpaired design with sucrose to other rats. Subsequently, both groups lever pressed for the stimulus with contingent nicotine, non-contingent nicotine (0.06 mg kg(-1) per infusion, freebase), or non-contingent saline, according to fixed ratio and progressive ratio reinforcement schedules.Results Compared to sucrose-unpaired training, repeated association with sucrose established the light-tone stimulus as a robust conditioned reinforcer. Contingent and non-contingent nicotine equally elevated responding for this conditioned stimulus. Conversely, for the less reinforcing (sucrose-unpaired) stimulus contingent nicotine more effectively elevated behavior compared to non-contingent nicotine.Conclusions The reinforcement-enhancing effect of nicotine increases behavior controlled by both conditioned and unconditioned reinforcers; however, for less salient stimuli associative processes derived from the primary reinforcing effects of contingent nicotine may also be important. These data suggest that nicotine present in tobacco may differentially modulate stimulus-driven behavior in smokers.
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Both nicotine and bupropion serve as primary reinforcers in non-human subjects.
“both nicotine and bupropion serve as primary reinforcers in non-human subjects [228]”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [228]
Non-contingent nicotine administration increases lever-pressing for the presentation of a light signal.
“Recently, Caggiula and his colleagues (Chaudhri et al., 2006) have shown that non-contingent nicotine administration increases lever-pressing for the presentation of a light signal.”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Chaudhri et al., 2006
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- Authors
- Chaudhri, N., Caggiula, A. R., Donny, E. C., Booth, S., Gharib, M., Craven, L., Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., & Sved, A. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chaudhri, Nadia
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2006-09-22
- Volume
- 189
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-36
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2071290023
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-12655, R01DA010464, DA-10464, R01DA012655)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- nicotine, conditioned reinforcer, primary reinforcement, nicotine self-administration, sucrose, incentive value
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Operant, Male, Motivation, Nicotine, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reinforcement Schedule, Self Administration, Sucrose, Time Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Nicotinic Agonists, Rats
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