Bupropion and nicotine enhance responding for nondrug reinforcers via dissociable pharmacological mechanisms in rats

Palmatier, Matthew I.; Levin, Melissa E.; Mays, Kara L.; Donny, Eric C.; Caggiula, Anthony R.; Sved, Alan F.

doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1666-5

Cited by 40Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorSmoking Behavior and CessationNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study

Bupropion and nicotine enhance responding for nondrug reinforcers via dissociable pharmacological mechanisms in rats

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Palmatier, Matthew I., Levin, Melissa E., Mays, Kara L., Donny, Eric C., Caggiula, Anthony R., Sved, Alan F.·2009·Psychopharmacology

DOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1666-5PMC PMC2884399

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Abstract

Rationale Nicotine serves as a primary reinforcer but also potently enhances responding for nonnicotine stimuli with reinforcing properties. One of the most successful pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation, bupropion, also increases responding for nondrug reinforcers such as food and brain stimulation rewards.Objective The present studies investigated whether treatment with bupropion and nicotine had similar effects on responding for a reinforcing visual stimulus (VS). They also investigated whether the effects of bupropion and nicotine depended on common pharmacological substrates.Results Nicotine (0.4 mg/kg base) enhanced responding for the VS, and this enhancing effect increased across testing sessions, replicating our previous findings. Bupropion (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg salt) dose-dependently increased responding for the VS. Treatment with 10 and 30 mg/kg bupropion resulted in a profile similar to nicotine; operant responding increased over repeated drug treatments. The reinforcement enhancing effect of nicotine, but not bupropion, was blocked by pretreatment with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine. In contrast, the reinforcement enhancing effect of bupropion, but not nicotine, was blocked by pretreatment with the alpha noradrenergic antagonist prazosin.Conclusion The reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine and bupropion increased over time and repeated treatments suggesting a shared mechanism of action. However, the reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine are mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, whereas the reinforcement enhancing effects of bupropion were mediated by alpha noradrenergic receptors.

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Both nicotine and bupropion increase responding for reinforcing non-drug stimuli.
“and increase responding for reinforcing non-drug stimuli [229–231].”
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Carter, J., & Swardfager, W. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Depression may not necessarily worsen glycemic control directly (Aikens et al., 2009; Palta et al., 2014), but such an effect may occur due to related behavioural factors.”
Negative dimension in psychiatry. Amotivational syndrome as a paradigm of negative symptoms in substance abuse
Rovai, L., Maremmani, A. G. I., Pacini, M., Pani, P. P., Rugani, F., Lamanna, F., Schiavi, E., Mautone, S., Dell’Osso, L., & Maremmani, I. (2013) · Rivista di psichiatria · doi:10.1708/1228.13610 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Drugs like varenicline (cholinergic agonist) (112) and bupropion (cholinergic antagonist but dopamine agonist) (113,114) have been tried with some success in the treatment of nicotine withdrawal and nicotine dependence.”
Background
The role of conditioning history and reinforcer strength in the reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine in rats
Palmatier, M. I., O’Brien, L. C., & Hall, M. J. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2439-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Modeling Nicotine Addiction in Rats
Caillé, S., Clemens, K. J., Stinus, L., & Cador, M. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_15 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sensory reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking.
Perkins, K. A., & Karelitz, J. L. (2014) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0037823 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sex differences and the role of dopamine receptors in the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine and bupropion
Barrett, S. T., Geary, T. N., Steiner, A. N., & Bevins, R. A. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4448-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bupropion increases activation in nucleus accumbens during anticipation of monetary reward
Ikeda, Y., Funayama, T., Tateno, A., Fukayama, H., Okubo, Y., & Suzuki, H. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05337-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Phasic Dopamine Release Magnitude Tracks Individual Differences in Sensitization of Locomotor Response following a History of Nicotine Exposure
Fennell, A. M., Pitts, E. G., Sexton, L. L., & Ferris, M. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56884-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Does Extended Pre Quit Bupropion Aid in Extinguishing Smoking Behavior?
Hawk, L. W., Ashare, R. L., Rhodes, J. D., Oliver, J. A., Cummings, K. M., & Mahoney, M. C. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu347 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Examination of the effects of varenicline, bupropion, lorcaserin, or naltrexone on responding for conditioned reinforcement in nicotine-exposed rats
Guy, E. G., Fisher, D. C., Higgins, G. A., & Fletcher, P. J. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000092 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“, 2004; Ferguson and Shiffman, 2009), and some preclinical studies suggest that it may enhance the motivating properties of reinforcing stimuli (Shoaib et al., 2003; Palmatier et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Possible Reinforcement Enhancing Effects of Bupropion During Initial Smoking Abstinence
Perkins, K. A., Karelitz, J. L., Jao, N. C., et al. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts224 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, our findings are similar to rodent research showing nicotine withdrawal effects in reducing (Weaver et al., 2012), and bupropion effects (Palmatier et al., 2009) on enhancing, reinforced responding, suggesting some consistency across species (e.g. O’Dell & Khroyan, 2009).”
BackgroundResult
Adolescent exposure to nicotine results in reinforcement enhancement but does not affect adult responding in rats
Weaver, M. T., Geier, C. F., Levin, M. E., Caggiula, A. R., Sved, A. F., & Donny, E. C. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Discussion 4.1 Nicotine Effects during Adolescence Similar to adults (Palmatier et al., 2009), adolescent rats exhibited reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Nicotine self-administration research: the legacy of Steven R. Goldberg and implications for regulation, health policy, and research
Henningfield, J. E., Smith, T. T., Kleykamp, B. A., Fant, R. V., & Donny, E. C. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4441-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Consistent with the interpretation that reinforcement enhancement is involved in maintaining smoking behavior, some smoking cessation medications (bupropion and varenicline) also enhance other reinforcers in animal models (Palmatier et al. 2009; Schassburger et al. 2015).”
Background
A behavioral economic analysis of the value-enhancing effects of nicotine and varenicline and the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in male and female rats
Barrett, S. T., Geary, T. N., Steiner, A. N., & Bevins, R. A. (2018) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000404 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Notably, this is a feature that it shares with nicotine, in which activation of α4β2-containing receptors has been implicated in both the primary reinforcing and the value-enhancing effects of nicotine (Palmatier et al., 2009).”
Quantifying nicotine's value‐enhancement effect using a behavioral economic approach
Cassidy, R. N., & Dallery, J. (2014) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.109 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nicotine self-administered directly into the VTA by rats is weakly reinforcing but has strong reinforcement enhancing properties
Farquhar, M. J., Latimer, M. P., & Winn, P. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2452-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia and nicotine on total and categorized ultrasonic vocalizations in rats
Swalve, N. L., Mulholland, M. M., Schulz, T. D., & Li, M. (2015) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000199 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The high dose (0.4 mg/kg) was chosen on the basis of previous research showing reinforcement-enhancement at that dose (Palmatier et al., 2007, 2009) and, because of the potential of a ceiling effect, a further lower dose (0.2 mg/kg) was chosen on the basis of pilot data.”
MethodInfluential
Investigating sex differences and the effect of drug exposure order in the sensory reward-enhancing effects of nicotine and d-amphetamine alone and in combination
McNealy, K. R., Houser, S. D., Barrett, S. T., & Bevins, R. A. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108845 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Continuous nicotine exposure does not affect resurgence of alcohol seeking in rats
Frye, C. C. J., Rung, J. M., Nall, R. W., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202230 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dopaminergic involvement in effort-based but not impulsive reward processing in smokers
Freeman, T. P., Morgan, C. J. A., Brandner, B., Almahdi, B., & Curran, H. V. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.016 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nicotine smoking: Influences on perioperative pain management
Zanaty, O. M. (2014) · Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.egja.2014.05.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Chronic nicotine exposure results in interaction between nAChRs and opioid receptor pathways may contribute to the increased use of opioid analgesics by smokers than nonsmokers that may be explained by an up-regulation of mu opioid receptors in the striatum and decreasing striatal met-enkephalin levels which had obser…”
Background
Elucidating the reinforcing effects of nicotine: a tribute to Nadia Chaudhri
Sved, A. F., Caggiula, A. R., & Donny, E. C. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06266-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Since varenicline appears to selectively target the reinforcement enhancement action of nicotine, does bupropion, another major smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, have a similar profile? Bupropion increases responding for VS (Barrett et al. 2017; Coddington et al. 2010; Palmatier et al. 2009) and conditioned stimuli (…”
Background
Nicotine-induced enhancement of a sensory reinforcer in adult rats: antagonist pretreatment effects
Satanove, D. J., Rahman, S., Chan, T. M. V., Ren, S. E., & Clarke, P. B. S. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05696-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“2016), and unaffected by pretreatment with adrenergic or glutamatergic receptor antagonists (Palmatier et al. 2009; Palmatier et al. 2007).”
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Chronic Psychosis in Dual Disorder Heroin Use Disorder Patients
Maremmani, I., Pacini, M., & Maremmani, A. G. I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-30093-6_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stress Alleviation and Reward Enhancement: Two Promising Targets for Relapse Prevention
Rose, J. E. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.023 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
From memory disorders to the development of depression: A system approach
Grigoryan, G. A. (2025) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105440 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peri-adolescent bupropion treatment alters adult operant responding and is associated with reduced ΔFosB and thin spine density in the nucleus accumbens in rats
Smith, S. N., & Holahan, M. R. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111442 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parsing anhedonia: Effort-based decision-making as a translational model of motivational deficits in Major Depressive Disorder
Treadway, M. T. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A quantitative analysis of the value-enhancing effects of nicotine, bupropion, and varenicline in male and female rats
Barrett, S. T. (2014) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Negative dimension in psychiatry. Amotivational syndrome as a paradigm of negative symptoms in substance abuse Dimensioni negative in psichiatria. La sindrome amotivazionale quale paradigma di sintomi negativi nell'abuso di sostanze
Rovai, L., Giovanni, A. S., Maremmani, I., Pacini, M., Pani, P., Rugani, F., Lamanna, F., Schiavi, E., & Mautone, S. (2016)
Mechanisms by which Nicotine Enhances Pavlovian Approach Behavior and Responding for a Conditioned Reinforcer
Guy, E. G. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Varenicline but not cotinine increased the value of a visual stimulus reinforcer in rats: No evidence for synergy of the two compounds
Houser, S. D., McNealy, K. R., Barrett, S. T., et al. (2023) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173702
Long-Term Impacts of Bupropion Exposure during Critical Developmental Periods on Reward Learning
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Amphetamine and nicotine reduce sucrose self-administration independent of sex
Fulco, C., Cordero, C., George, K., & Roseberry, A. G. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.178796

Characterization of the effects of bupropion on the reinforcing properties of nicotine and food in rats
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Authors: Palmatier, M. I., Levin, M. E., Mays, K. L., Donny, E. C., Caggiula, A. R., & Sved, A. F.
Affiliations: Kansas State University (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: Palmatier, Matthew I.
ORCID: Palmatier, Matthew I.
Levin, Melissa E.
Donny, Eric C.
Sved, Alan F.
Venue: Psychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-09-17
Volume: 207
Issue: 3
Pages: 381-390
ISSN: 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
1432-2072
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1666-5
PMC: PMC2884399
OpenAlex: W2120343849
Semantic Scholar: efc5327645afe0c602abf143ac9d19d7ea5bd618
Cited by: 40
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 1.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA024801, R01DA010464, DA-10464, DA19278, DA 24801, F32 DA019278)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Keywords: bupropion, nicotine, operant responding, mecamylamine, prazosin, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, repeated dosing
MeSH terms: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, Animals, Conditioning, Operant, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Mecamylamine, Motivation, Nicotine, Prazosin, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Time Factors, Bupropion, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Nicotinic Agonists, Nicotinic Antagonists, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Rats

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Bupropion and nicotine enhance responding for nondrug reinforcers via dissociable pharmacological mechanisms in rats

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