Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus
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Dopamine is implicated in movement, learning, and motivation, and in illnesses such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Little is known about the control of dopamine release in humans, but research in experimental animals suggests that the prefrontal cortex plays an important role in regulating the release of dopamine in subcortical structures. Here we used [(11)C]raclopride and positron emission tomography to measure changes in extracellular dopamine concentration in vivo after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in healthy human subjects. Repetitive TMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex caused a reduction in [(11)C]raclopride binding in the left dorsal caudate nucleus compared with rTMS of the left occipital cortex. There were no changes in binding in the putamen, nucleus accumbens, or right caudate. This shows that rTMS of the prefrontal cortex induces the release of endogenous dopamine in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus. This finding has implications for the therapeutic and research use of rTMS in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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TMS on the prefrontal cortex has a causal relationship with dopamine binding in the caudate nucleus, leading to increased extracellular dopamine and glutamate in the ventral striatum.
“In the early 2000s, two influential studies demonstrated a causal relationship between the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the prefrontal cortex and dopamine binding in the caudate nucleus, leading to an increase in extracellular dopamine and glutamate in the ventral striatum by TMS”
From A Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [106]
The Abstract reports that prefrontal rTMS reduced raclopride binding in the left dorsal caudate, indicating dopamine release there. It also reports no binding change in the nucleus accumbens, and the paper does not report increased extracellular glutamate or dopamine in the ventral striatum. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredrTMS of the left dlPFC induces dopamine release specifically in the head of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus, but not the NAcc, putamen, or contralateral caudate nucleus.
“Another study by the same group, using the same tracer, demonstrated that rTMS of the left dlPFC induced dopamine release specifically in the head of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus, but not the NAcc, putamen or contralateral caudate nucleus (Strafella et al., 2001).”
From Cortico-striatal-thalamic loop circuits of the salience network: A central pathway in psychiatric disease and treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Strafella et al., 2001
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- Authors
- Strafella, A. P., Paus, T., Barrett, J., & Dagher, A.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-08-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- RC157-RC157
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6762641
- OpenAlex
- W2118266586
- Cited by
- 1,058
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 19.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, dopamine release, caudate nucleus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dopamine transporter binding, extracellular dopamine, putamen, nucleus accumbens
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autonomic Nervous System, Behavior, Carbon Isotopes, Caudate Nucleus, Dopamine, Electric Stimulation, Electromagnetic Fields, Female, Humans, Male, Nucleus Accumbens, Occipital Lobe, Putamen, Receptors, Dopamine, Reference Values, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Prefrontal Cortex, Dopamine Antagonists, Raclopride, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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