The DOI matches its Crossref record; 105 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 46 of the 138 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Terminally ill patients may experience existential distress, depression, or anxiety, limiting quality of life in the final stage. Existing psychotherapeutic or pharmacological interventions have (time) limited efficacy. Psychedelic treatment may be a safe and effective alternative treatment option. Aim: Systematically review studies on psychedelic treatment with and without psychotherapy for existential distress, depression, and anxiety in terminally ill patients. Methods: Medline, PsycINFO, and Embase were searched for original-data studies on the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress with classical or a-typical psychedelics in patients with a terminal illness, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results: A total of 1850 records were screened, and 33 articles were included in this review: 14 studies on classical psychedelics (DPT, LSD, and psilocybin) and 19 studies on atypical psychedelics (MDMA and ketamine). Results of early pre-post studies are promising but have serious methodological flaws. Recent (controlled) trials with LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are of higher methodological quality and indicate positive effects on existential and spiritual well-being, quality of life, acceptance, and reduction of anxiety and depression with few adverse and no serious adverse effects. Conclusions: Both classical and a-typical psychedelics are promising treatment options in patients with terminal illness. To draw final conclusions on effectiveness and safety of psychedelics, we need larger high-quality studies for classical psychedelics and MDMA. Ketamine studies should pay more attention to existential dimensions of well-being and the psychotherapeutic context of the treatment. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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Claims the paper makes
50 No full text of the sources · 21 Supported · 16 Partly supported · 14 Sources not found · 14 Own result · 11 No basis given · 9 Not checked yet · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Supported so far · 4 Own method · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it is important to note that besides Falk et. al. (2020), none of the ketamine studies included an active placebo other than lower doses of ketamine.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Falk et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Study design; page unavailable) describe a retrospective comparison, not an active-placebo-controlled study. Falk et al. state that the control group received the same specialized palliative care but was not treated with S-ketamine; the paper therefore does not support the claim that Falk et al. were an exception that used an active placebo. It does not establish what placebos the other ketamine studies used. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“After crossover, 12 months later (n = 9), both groups reported a decrease in anxiety.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Gasser et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Clinical Response and Discussion (pages unavailable in our copy) say anxiety decreased after the experimental dose in both the blinded-treatment and crossover groups, with benefits sustained at the 12-month follow-up. Our copy does not substantiate the stated n = 9, and the Methods > Experimental Intervention specifies that follow-up was 12 months after each participant’s last LSD session, not 12 months after crossover for both groups. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The evidence for the pharmacological and psychological treatment of anxiety and depression in patients with a life-threatening illness is ambiguous (Rosenstein, 2011).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rosenstein, 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Treatment of depression in end-of-life cancer care” (page unavailable), the paper says it is unknown whether established drug and psychotherapeutic treatments for depression work as well in cancer patients, and that antidepressant trials have yielded mixed results. The claim extends this uncertainty to anxiety treatment and to all life-threatening illnesses, neither of which the cited discussion evaluates. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, there is no published data regarding the effects of anxiolytic treatment in advanced cancer patients (Spencer et al., 2010).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Spencer et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says the authors were unaware of published randomized clinical trials of anxiety treatment in advanced cancer patients and calls for research on treatment effects. That supports a gap in trial evidence, but not the broader claim that no published data exist on the effects of anxiolytic drugs specifically. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“No drug-related severe adverse events were reported.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gasser et al., 2014 source
The Results > Safety passage explicitly states that neither the 200 μg LSD dose nor the 20 μg active placebo produced any drug-related severe adverse events. It distinguishes these from the less severe related adverse events that were reported. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hence, there is a serious need for effective interventions with a sustained effect on existential distress, depression, and anxiety in patients with an incurable illness (Rosenbaum et al., 2019).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rosenbaum et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the main text (page unavailable), Rosenbaum et al. describe existential distress, anxiety, and depression in people facing cancer or other life-threatening illnesses and state that additional effective treatments are needed. They also emphasize the lasting benefits observed in trials for anxiety and depression, supporting the citing sentence’s call for sustained effects. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Improvements remained stable after 6 months and 1 year.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wolfson et al., 2020 source
Results, Table 3 (page not provided), shows that the improvement in the primary anxiety measure persisted at both follow-ups: the total STAI trait score was 61.1 at baseline, 36.4 at treatment exit, 33.6 at six months, and 34.2 at twelve months. This supports the claim that improvements remained stable through one year. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Statistically significant improvements were found in anxiety, depression, sleep, global functioning, well-being, self-compassion, mindfulness, and attitudes regarding death, compared to baseline.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wolfson et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report statistically significant changes over time in anxiety, depression, sleep, global functioning, self-compassion, mindfulness, and several well-being measures. The claim overstates the baseline comparison: Table 3 does not show significant baseline-to-treatment-exit improvements for the death-attitude subscales, and some well-being subscales were also nonsignificant. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“They found robust reductions in self-reported demoralization, grief, and psychological trauma from baseline to end-of-treatment and after 3 months.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Anderson et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Depression scores after 1, 2, and 3 days decreased significantly more in all treatment groups than in the control group.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wang et al., 2020 source
The Results section, “Comparison of HAMD-17 scores” (page not provided), reports that depression scores in all treatment groups were significantly lower than in the control group at 1, 2, and 3 days. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 58
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The search and selection strategy was designed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher et al., 2009).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Method
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Moher et al., 2009 source
The Introduction identifies this paper as the PRISMA guidelines, and “From QUOROM to PRISMA” describes their checklist and flow diagram for literature searching, screening, and applying eligibility criteria. The citation identifies the guidelines the citing authors say they followed; it does not independently establish whether their review complied with them. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Existing psychotherapeutic or pharmacological interventions have (time) limited efficacy.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rosenstein, 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Treatment of depression in end-of-life cancer care section says antidepressant trials in cancer patients have yielded mixed results and that the effectiveness of established treatments for patients with end-stage cancer is unknown. It does not establish that psychotherapeutic interventions have limited efficacy or that either type of intervention is time-limited; it describes several psychosocial approaches as promising. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bauereiss et al., 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“They found a significant group effect on anxiety with a larger reduction of anxiety in the ketamine group, but no significant group effects on depression or pain.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Falk et al., 2020 source
The Results (Primary study outcome variables; page not provided) report a significant group-by-time interaction for anxiety, with a reduction in the S-ketamine group but not the control group, and no significant interaction for depression. The Results (Secondary study outcome variables; page not provided) report no significant group-by-time interaction for pain measured from the morning before treatment to the morning after. Here, the claimed “group effect” is supported as a difference in change between groups, not as a significant main effect of group. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The other patient, who was reported to be a heavy polysubstance user, had a'very negative experience,' noted no positive results, and declined further (psychotherapeutic) treatment.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kolp et al., 2007 source
Case Study 2 (page unavailable) describes L’s extensive drug use, his frightening ketamine experience, and his refusal of further treatment. The Results from Two Case Studies section calls his case a failure to resolve anticipated grief, supporting the paraphrase that he had no positive treatment result. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Griffiths et al. (2016)(n = 51) reported significantly larger response (92% versus 32%) and remission (60% versus 1%) on depression and anxiety (76% vs. 24%; 52% vs. 12%, respectively) in the high-dose group compared to active placebo after 5 weeks.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Griffiths et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 6 (Results > Outcome measures; page not provided) supports the anxiety claim: at five weeks, response was 76% versus 24% and remission was 52% versus 12%, with significant between-group differences. The citing sentence also gives depression remission as 60% versus 1%, but Table 6 reports 60% versus 16%. The comparator was a very low, placebo-like dose of psilocybin. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirectn = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Both participants and their friends and family reported positive effects on attitude towards life and the self, spiritual well-being, social contacts, quality of life, acceptance of death, and optimism (Ross et al., 2016).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Ross et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Secondary outcomes; page not supplied) report participants’ positive ratings of attitudes toward life and self, social effects, and spirituality, as well as improvements in spiritual well-being, quality of life, and later attitudes toward death. The passages do not report ratings from friends or family, and they do not specifically establish improved social contacts or optimism. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Two unexpected events were reported: one patient vividly re-experienced a traumatic event (not psilocybinrelated) 2 days after treatment, and another reported severe anxiety due to feeling rejected by the group after 1 week.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Anderson et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report two unexpected reactions: a participant vividly re-experienced a past sexual assault two days after the medication visit, and another reported severe anxiety associated with feeling rejected by the group. The second report was ten days after the visit, not one week. The flashback’s content was unrelated to the psilocybin experience, but the paper classifies the flashback itself as an unexpected psilocybin reaction. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This decrease was highest for the high-dose S-ketamine group, while no significant difference was found between the racemic and low-dose S-ketamine groups.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wang et al., 2020 source
The Results sections on HAMD-17 scores and clinical outcomes report the lowest depression and pain scores in the high-dose S-ketamine group, with no significant difference between the low-dose and racemic ketamine groups. These comparisons concern short-term postoperative scores. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This effect was maintained in 80% of the patients after 4 to 7 days, and in 60% after 8 days to 3 weeks.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Iglewicz et al., 2015 source
The Results section (“Response to Ketamine”; page not provided) reports positive ketamine therapeutic-effect ratings in 80% of patients during days 4–7 and 60% during days 8–21. Those periods and percentages match the claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“After 5 and 7 days, depression scores were low in all four groups with no significant between-group differences.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wang et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Comparison of HAMD-17 scores” (page not provided), reports no significant difference among the four groups at day 5. The copy does not establish that depression scores were low at days 5 and 7; its statement that there was no difference at one week appears in the abstract, not in the full-text Results passage on HAMD-17 scores. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“On day three, the effect on suicidality remained significant, whereas no difference was found on depression.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fan et al., 2017 source
The Results section reports significantly lower suicidal-ideation scores in the ketamine group than the midazolam group on day 3. The day-3 difference in overall depression was not statistically significant (MADRS P = 0.0546), although the authors describe it as a promising continued effect. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Six months after crossover, 78% and 83% of all participants showed clinical responses on depression and anxiety compared to baseline.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Griffiths et al., 2016 source
The Results (Outcome measures; page not provided) state that, across both dose-sequence groups, clinical response at six months was 78% for depression and 83% for anxiety. The Methods (Study design and overview; page not provided) identify this follow-up as approximately six months after Session 2 in the crossover design, and define response relative to baseline. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since all psychedelics exert effects rapidly and are known to induce mystical-type, peak, or transcendental effects that are correlated with therapeutic outcomes (Dore et al., 2019;Johnson et al., 2019;Barrett and Griffiths, 2018), these treatments may be especially helpful in the context of existential distress (Rosenbaum et al., 2019).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Dore et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports an association between psychedelic or mystical experiences and treatment outcomes for ketamine and psilocybin. It does not establish that all psychedelics rapidly exert effects or induce such experiences, so the citing sentence extends the source’s point beyond those medicines. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Johnson et al., 2019 source
- Partly supportedcites Barrett and Griffiths, 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Mystical Experiences, Classic Hallucinogens, and Therapeutic Interventions' section reports a correlation between mystical-experience scores and later anxiety and depression outcomes after high-dose psilocybin. The Conclusion says classic hallucinogens can occasion mystical experiences with high probability under appropriate conditions, but not every experience is mystical. The paper does not establish that all psychedelics act rapidly or that the stated relationship applies to all psychedelics. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, MDMA treatment efficacy is so far mainly assessed in PTSD patients, indicating moderate to large effects (Krediet et al., 2020;Bahji et al., 2020).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Krediet et al., 2020 source
The MDMA Background and Evidence in the Treatment of PTSD sections describe several PTSD trials while also noting investigations in other conditions, consistent with efficacy having mainly been assessed in PTSD. The Evidence section reports a pooled analysis of six PTSD trials with a significant symptom reduction (Cohen’s d = 0.8), supporting the stated effect range. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bahji et al., 2020 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“About half of the participants in the studies by Griffiths et al. (2016) and Ross et al. (2016) reported to have former experience with psychedelics.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Griffiths et al., 2016 source
Table 1 (Methods > Study participants; page unavailable) reports that 45% of the 51 participants had used hallucinogens in the past, consistent with “about half.” This verdict concerns the Griffiths et al. study only; the Ross et al. study is not assessed from this source. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Ross et al., 2016 source
The Results > Demographics section (page unavailable) says that 45% of Ross et al.’s participants reported no prior hallucinogen use, meaning about 55% reported prior use. This confirms the part of the sentence attributed to Ross et al.; it does not establish the figure for Griffiths et al. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, 33 articles were included in this review”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent (controlled) trials with LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are of higher methodological quality”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“9 RCTs (n = 11-417), seven pre-post studies (n = 14-50), two retrospective chart reviews (n = 23-31), 11 case studies (n ≤ 2), and four qualitative studies (n = 4-13), with a total of 1130 unique patients.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Results
plainn = 1,130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Significant therapeutic effects on depression, anxiety, and social isolation were found, which correlated with mystical or peak experiences.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Dipropyltryptamine (DPT)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Richards et al.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“14 studies on classical psychedelics (DPT, LSD, and psilocybin) and 19 studies on atypical psychedelics (MDMA and ketamine).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Post-treatment, patients showed 'dramatic improvement' (29%) and 'moderate improvement' (42%), or remained 'essentially unchanged' (29%).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Richards et al., 1972
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grof et al., 1973 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After removing duplicates, 1842 records remained.Eight records were obtained through other sources including cross-references, resulting in a total of 1850 records.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“After treatment, 64% showed improvement, of which 27% 'dramatic.'”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pahnke et al., 1969
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with few adverse and no serious adverse effects.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“all stated to have profited from the treatment and felt more relaxed and patient (Gasser et al., 2015).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gasser et al., 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicate positive effects on existential and spiritual well-being, quality of life, acceptance, and reduction of anxiety and depression”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Improvements included decreased depression, anxiety, and fear of death, increased relaxation, and closer relationships.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pahnke et al., 1969
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included 14 articles on classical psychedelics: DPT (one), LSD (six, including one qualitative study), and psilocybin (seven, including three qualitative studies).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Classical psychedelics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of early pre-post studies are promising but have serious methodological flaws.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, improvements were reported on anxiety, depression, and social isolation.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Richards et al., 1972
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grof et al., 1973 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the 1960-1970s studies used control groups, whereas most of the more recent studies were double blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs), many with a crossover design.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Classical psychedelics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, treatment reduced demoralization and hopelessness, and improved spiritual well-being and quality of life, both short term (after 2 weeks) and longer term (after 6 months).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was no significant effect on pain (not all participants had pain pre-treatment), functional status, cognition, suicidal ideation, and quality of life.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Irwin et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month, depression scores were significantly lower in the ketamine groups compared to control, with significantly larger effects for S-ketamine than racemic ketamine.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Liu et al., 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Six months after crossover, there were significant decreases in anxiety (60%) and depression (80%).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several case studies suggest rapid effects of ketamine on anxiety and depression in patients with a (potentially) terminal illness, but this effect is transient in single-dose treatment regimens (Smith-Apeldoorn et al., 2020).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smith-Apeldoorn et al., 2020
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included a total of 19 studies on atypical psychedelics, mostly on ketamine (n = 18, including 11 case studies) and one recent study on MDMA.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Atypical psychedelics
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Significant treatment effects emerged after 3 days for anxiety and after 14 days for depression, which remained significant until the final treatment day.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Irwin et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Death anxiety did not significantly decrease on the short term, but in the high-dose group a significant improvement in attitude towards death was found after 26 weeks.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After 3 years, there were still reductions in anxiety, depression, hopelessness, and demoralization, death anxiety was significantly lower, and spiritual well-being was improved compared to baseline.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After 7 weeks (before crossover), anxiety response was 58% versus 14%, and depression response was 83% versus 14%.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this pre-post study, all patients showed statistically significant responses on anxiety.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Irwin et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Participants further reported improved social interactions, new insights regarding the influence of the illness on their lives, and a more positive attitude towards their limited life expectancy.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grob et al., 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Brief intensive psycho-therapy PT: dramatic and moderate improvement of emo-tional (36%) and physical (36%) distress. Condi-tion unchanged (19%) or decreased (8%)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Appendix Search terms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kurland et al. 1972; Pahnke et al. 1969
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Integrative psycho-therapy 1 PT: decrease in observer-rated depression and anxiety (ECRS: p < .03 and p < .01), increase in POI self-regard, self-acceptance, and capacity for intimate contact (p < .02, < .005, p p < .02)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Appendix Search terms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Richards et al. 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Psychedelic peak therapy PT: decrease in observer-rated depression, anxiety and fear of death; increased relaxation, ease in medical management, pain tolerance, closeness of family relation-ships. Meaningful positive change (n = 14), of which dramatic change (n = 6)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Appendix Search terms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pahnke et al. 1969
plaindirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most ketamine studies, treatment was aimed at (symptoms of) depression or anxiety, while the other psychedelic treatments were usually offered to patients with varying types of psychological distress in the face of life-threatening illness.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Additionally, while we found some qualitative studies detailing patient experiences with classical psychedelics (Grof et al., 1973;Agin-Liebes et al., 2020;Belser et al., 2017), no qualitative studies on ketamine treatment in terminally ill patients were encountered in the literature.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As such, depression, anxiety, and existential distress greatly limit one's possibilities of experiencing a meaningful final stage of life (LeMay and Wilson, 2008).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites LeMay and Wilson, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There is a significant overlap between symptoms of existential distress and anxiety, depression, and adjustment disorders.The nature of the relationship between existential distress and these disorders remains unclear”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Titles and abstracts were independently screened by JJB and NS.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms or disorders in patients with cancer is estimated at 14-21% for anxiety 1 3 disorders (Wilson et al., 2007)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson et al., 2007 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“After LSD treatment, patients experienced less pain, a better mood, more positive attitudes towards life, and less illness-and death-related distress (1967).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kast, 1967 source
plaindirectn = 128- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suicide is twice as prevalent in advanced cancer patients compared to the general population of the same age (Chochinov et al., 1998).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chochinov et al., 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is unclear whether psychiatric comorbidities were present in the studied patients and no formal assessment instruments were used to measure therapeutic effects.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Findings of clinical trials on classical psychedelics for the treatment of psychiatric problems secondary to (life-threatening) illness between 1960 and 2018 were reviewed by Ross et al. (Ross, 2018;Reiche et al., 2018) and by Reiche et al. (28), indicating positive effects on anxiety, depression, and existential distress with little side effects.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kast and Collins (Kast and Collins, 1964) conducted a trial that compared the analgesic effect of LSD with the effect of the opioids pethidine and hydromorphone in 50 patients with a terminal disease and severe pain.They concluded that while LSDinduced pain reduction came about slower, its effects lasted longer.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kast and Collins, 1964 source
plaindirectn = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“6-19% for adjustment disorders (Mitchell et al., 2011;Singer et al., 2013;Hernandez Blazquez and Cruzado, 2016).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While antidepressant effects are reported regarding mianserin and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine and paroxetine, generally low response rates are reported, and only mianserin was found to be more effective compared to placebo in treating cancerrelated depression (Riblet et al., 2014).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Riblet et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A cross-sectional study found that 12% of patients with cancer (n = 377) had a serious yearning for death, and of those, 52% met criteria for an anxiety and/or depressive disorder (Wilson et al., 2016).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson et al., 2016 source
plaincorrelationaln = 377- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently developed psychotherapies for the treatment of existential distress in patients with terminal cancer (Bauereiss et al., 2018) emphasize the importance of meaning and dignity.These therapies yield significant but time-limited (up to 3 months) positive effects on existential well-being, hope, and self-reliance, but no effects on depression and anxiety.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bauereiss et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In all reviews, it was reported that larger and methodologically better studies are needed to draw definite conclusions on effectiveness for this indication.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“15% for major depression (Mitchell et al., 2011)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mitchell et al., 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“prevalence rates of existential distress in patients with terminal cancer vary from 3 to 29%, depending on the operationalization of the concept”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“20-25% for minor depression”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mitchell et al., 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both classical and a-typical psychedelics are promising treatment options in patients with terminal illness.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is important to note that most of the study designs were limited by small sample sizes and lack of a control group.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although the 0.125 mg-kg dose of racemic ketamine in the study by Liu et al. might have been too low for optimal treatment efficacy.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Liu et al., 2020 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Classical psychedelics, administered in a psychotherapeutic context, appear to be well-tolerated and effective in both the short and longer term, with beneficial effects on depression, anxiety, existential distress, and a variety of psychological domains such as quality of life and well-being.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It may take weeks to months before patients respond to treatment with an antidepressant, and half of the patients do not achieve symptom remission, taking time that these patients may not have or cannot bear (Trivedi et al., 2006).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Trivedi et al., 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, adverse effects reported in clinical trials with ketamine are mild and usually resolve within an hour of administration (Van Amsterdam and Van den Brink 2021).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Van Amsterdam and Van den Brink 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given the importance of spiritual and existential well-being in palliative care, psychedelics may play a unique role in enabling patients to address these critical issues in the last stage of their lives (Bauereiss et al., 2018;Rosa et al., 2019).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, studies that administered ketamine to anesthetized patients-thereby canceling out acute psychedelic effects-reported short-term effects on depression, indicating that the psychedelic experience is not necessary for its effect on depression.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conventional pharmacological interventions may decrease symptoms of anxiety and depression, which can improve patients' quality of life to an important degree.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may explain why no non-clinical psychological measures such as quality of life, meaningfulness, and existential issues were reported for ketamine.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Given the stressor-related nature of the phenomenon, pathological disease-related distress may be seen as an adjustment disorder (Vehling and Kissane, 2018).”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vehling and Kissane, 2018 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
No existing review simultaneously covers classical and atypical psychedelic treatments for end-of-life patients.
“To our knowledge, there is currently no review of psychedelic treatments for end-of-life patients that simultaneously assesses classical and atypical psychedelics.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
“received a single IV ketamine injection (0.5 mg/kg)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“Falk et al. 2020 Palliative care patients, anxiety, and depression Retrospective pilot, n = 16 Ketamine 1 × 0.25 mg/kg, IV”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
“Griffiths et al. (2016)(n = 51) reported significantly larger response (92% versus 32%) and remission (60% versus 1%) on depression and anxiety (76% vs. 24%; 52% vs. 12%, respectively) in the high-dose group compared to active placebo after 5 weeks.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“5 weeks PT: clinical response and remission on depression in high-dose group vs. placebo (GRID-HAMD: 92 and 60% vs 32 and 16%); clinical response and remission on anxiety in high-dose group vs. placebo (HAM-A: 76 and 52% vs. 14 and 12%)”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
“remission (60% versus 1%) on depression”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“GRID-HAMD: 92 and 60% vs 32 and 16%”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 1 3
“anxiety (76% vs. 24%; 52% vs. 12%, respectively)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“HAM-A: 76 and 52% vs. 14 and 12%”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“Treatment consisted of oral LSD (200-500 mg) in combination with integrative psychotherapy.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Appendix Search terms
“Richards et al. 1972; Grof et al. 1973”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“oral LSD (n = 40; 200-500 mg), parenteral DPT (n = 7; 60-105 mg)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Appendix Search terms
“LSD, 1 × 200-500 µg, PO (n = 43) or DPT 1 × 60-105 mg, IM (n = 7)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
“midazolam (0.5 mg/kg; n = 17)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“Fan et al. 2017 Newly diagnosed cancer patients, suicidality RCT, n = 37 Ketamine, 1 × 0.5 mg/kg, (0.05 mg/kg midazolam), IV”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
“a single IV ketamine injection (0.5 mg/kg)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“Falk et al. 2020 Palliative care patients, anxiety, and depression Retrospective pilot, n = 16 Ketamine 1 × 0.25 mg/kg, IV”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Atypical psychedelics
“With one exception (Kolp et al., 2007), none of these studies included psychotherapy.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
“One RCT (Wolfson et al., 2020) compared the effect of two psychotherapy sessions with MDMA (125-187.5mg; n = 13) or placebo (n = 5)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
“No adverse effects were reported in the studies that used classical psychedelics.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“AEs in high-dose session: nausea or vomiting (15%), psychological discomfort (32%), anxiety (26%)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
“midazolam (0.5 mg/kg; n = 17)”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
“Ketamine, 1 × 0.5 mg/kg, (0.05 mg/kg midazolam), IV”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Discussion
“besides Falk et. al. (2020), none of the ketamine studies included an active placebo other than lower doses of ketamine.”
§ Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness > Ketamine
“Fan et al. (2017) compared the effects of a single dose of IV-ketamine (0.5 mg/kg; n = 20) to midazolam (0.5 mg/kg; n = 17)”
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
Cited work 10.1002/14651858.cd005537.pub2 · retracted 2018-11-22 · notice 10.1002/14651858.cd005537.pub3 · this paper published 2021-11-23
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Psychotherapy for depression among incurable cancer patients
Akechi, T., Okuyama, T., Onishi, J., Morita, T., & Furukawa, T. A. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005537.pub2 · Cited by 198
RetractedPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042
Wang, G., Ma, R., Qiao, G., Wada, K., Aizawa, Y., & Satoh, T. (2015) · Integrative Medicine International · doi:10.1159/000368408 · Cited by 18,762
Trivedi, M. H., Rush, A. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Warden, D., Ritz, L., Norquist, G., Howland, R. H., Lebowitz, B., McGrath, P. J., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.28 · Cited by 3,879
Reprint—Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & and the PRISMA Group (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/89.9.873 · Cited by 2,486
Mitchell, A. J., Chan, M., Bhatti, H., Halton, M., Grassi, L., Johansen, C., & Meader, N. (2011) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70002-x · Cited by 2,449
Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 · Cited by 2,201
Ross, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 · Cited by 1,698
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kurland AA, Grof S, Pahnke WN et al (1972) Psychedelic drug assisted psychotherapy in patients with terminal cancer. J Thanatology 2(1–2):644–691
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Low, F., & Earleywine, M. (2026) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2026.2673844 · Cited by 2
Bolcont, R., Palhano-Fontes, F., Barros, H., Laborde, S., Amorim, D., Falchi-Carvalho, M., Coelho, N. L. G., Wießner, I., & de Araújo, D. B. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261465005 · Cited by 1
Reconsidering Context in Psychedelic Research: Rituals as Ancient Libraries of Knowledge
Lutz, H. (2023) · Journal of Scientific Exploration · doi:10.31275/20222441 · Cited by 1
Yapko, M. D. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2023.2199811 · Cited by 3
“Notable are newer avenues of drug exploration, such as the already large and still growing interest in ketamine and the potential of psychedelic drugs as an intervention for depression (Brendle et al., 2023; Schimmel et al., 2022).”
BackgroundPsychedelic-Assisted Therapy and Meditative Experience as Factors of Personal Change
Omelchenko, N., & Kurapov, A. (2023) · Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Psychology · doi:10.17721/bpsy.2023.1(17).8 · Cited by 1
de Castro, F. A. G., Vieira, H. H. D. M., de Freitas, K. G., & Guerra, M. L. A. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408952 · Cited by 1
Costa, N. R., da Mata, B. S., & Mendonça, R. O. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408948 · Cited by 1
Mood Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges in the Medically Ill Patient
Shapiro, P. A., Pereira, L., Levenson, J. A., & Worthington, C. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108973922.026 · Cited by 1
Ruban, A., Magnuski, M., Hobot, J., Orlowski, P., Kołodziej, A., Bola, M., & Brzezicka, A. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111196 · Cited by 3
Tarbi, E. C., Miner, S. A., Nigam, K. B., Sager, Z. S., Sanders, J. J., Ljuslin, M., Guérin, B., Roddy, K., Tulsky, J. A., Agrawal, M., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251370303 · Cited by 1
“26 Our fi ndings further highlight dimensions of patients ’ existential journey through the experience of cancer and group PAT, deepening our language and tools for understanding cancer patients ’ existential experience and offering ways to improve how we provide whole-person serious illness care.”
Ruban, A., Magnuski, M., Hobot, J., Orlowski, P., Kołodziej, A., Bola, M., & Brzezicka, A. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/bhmtn · Cited by 1
Schuman, H. D. M., Deleemans, J. M., Nguyen, T. T.-T. N., Savard, C., Mina, R., & Carlson, L. E. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6941009/v1 · Cited by 1
Improved Metabolically Stable 5-HT Receptor Modulators and the Development of New Antidepressants
Kargbo, R. B. (2022) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00129
Kargbo, R. B. (2022) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00153
Psilocybin therapy: A novel approach to treating depression
Noor, T., Shakil, A., Khan, A. W., Zaidi, S. M. F., Rangwala, H. S., & Rangwala, B. S. (2023) · International Journal of Surgery Global Health · doi:10.1097/gh9.0000000000000175
A New Approach to Suffering in Life-Limiting Illness: Total Pain and the Human Microbiome
Krawczyk, M., Wood, J., & Calanzani, N. (2023) · doi:10.36399/gla.pubs.302028
Klassieke psychedelica: veiligheid, neveneffecten en medicatie-interacties
Geleyn, E., Kuypers, K. P. C., Seynaeve, M., & Lemmens, G. M. D. (2023) · Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde · doi:10.47671/tvg.79.23.049
The Assessment and Relief of Suffering in the Shadow of MAID
Scott, J. F., & Scott, M. (2023) · The International Library of Bioethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-30002-8_14
Farmakológiai biopolitikák (1. rész) : A lélek vegyészete
Básthy, Á., & Lengyel, Z. (2023) · Replika · doi:10.32564/129.1
Breeksema, J. J. (2024) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.912040905
Self-citationde Salles, M. L. F., Recla, B. B., da Cruz, M. A., & de Souza, S. F. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408940
de Almeida, M. D. N. C. S., Barros, A. C. L., Dias, L. G. D. F., & Gandra, S. A. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408949
Marcondes, L. C. R., Cardoso, A. L. M. H., Costa, L. M., & Martins, L. E. S. J. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408955
de Almeida, M. D. N. C. S., Siqueira, D. F., Alves, O. A. L., & Andrade, W. M. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408953
Corrêa, T. X., Bomfim, C. V. D. A., Bueno, A. L. V., & Ribeiro, C. D. N. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408946
Pires, C. A. B., Leite, G. V., Gomes, I. B. D. A., & Bahia, J. P. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408941
Silva, F. M., Barros, A. C. L., Lana, J. G., & de Oliveira, B. M. M. (2024) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/240408954
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Nejadmasoom, D., & Mirshahi, A. (2024) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/vqffai
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Bires, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2025.2482917 · Cited by 1
“29”
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment Resistant Depression: Systematic Review
Vanleuven, J., Hori, Y. S., Osama, T., Harary, P., Lui, A., Persad, A. R. L., Tayag, A., Emrich, S., Ustrzynski, L., Purger, D., et al. (2025) · World Neurosurgery: X · doi:10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100451
Gupta, S., Lata, S., & Abbot, V. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0258965
Psychedelic-assisted therapies for existential and spiritual suffering in palliative care
Garcia, A. C. M., & Maia, L. O. (2025) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.002 · Cited by 1
Efficacy and Safety of Psychoactive Tryptamines in Addiction: A Systematic Review
van der Meer, P. B., Schukking, N., Dik, M., van Reemst, A., Fuentes, J. J., Kaptein, A. A., Schoones, J. W., Verboeket, S. O., de Waal, M. M., Goudriaan, A. E., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251364182
“17 A significant bene fi t of tryptamines like DMT, DPT, and DET is their much shorter duration of action ( * 2 h) compared with the longer effects of psilocybin ( * 6 h) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; * 10 h).”
MDMA in Psychiatry: From PTSD to emerging indications, safety, and future directions
Zhao, M., Yang, J., & Hashimoto, K. (2025) · Psychedelics. · doi:10.61373/pp025i.0035
Cao, L., Wu, Y., Deng, R., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1682681
Suggested Guidelines for Applying a Systemic Lens to Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
Lappan, S. N., & Davis, S. D. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251404021 · Cited by 2
“10,11 Substances like psilocybin have profound relational effects as well, however, including promoting a sense of oneness, reducing self-focus, and increasing consideration for others.”
Magnani, L., Ghirotto, L., Fesce, F., Re, T., Tanzi, S., Amerio, A., & Costanza, A. (2026) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/spcare-2025-005689
“…therapeutic potential of psilocybin, particularly for depressive symptoms and its impact on QoL, also emphasising the safety and tolerability profile of the molecule, even in vulnerable patients, consistent with previous evidence 5 89–92 and with data relating to aged subjects (ie, >65 years old).”
Cohorst, A., & Kajonius, P. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261424199
Sawers, N., Billingsley, M., & Menkes, D. B. (2026) · Psychedelics · doi:10.1016/j.psyche.2026.100016
Psychedelic-assisted therapy for death acceptance in terminal illness: A scoping review
Whitmore, H., Anderson, B. T., Flowers, E., Penn, A., & Leutwyler, H. C. (2026) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2026.00474
Baral, A., Pan, Y., Hlaing, W. M., Garcia‐Romeu, A., Pinheiro, P. S., & Vidot, D. C. (2026) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-026-02172-x
Intranasal Ketamine for Existential Distress in Advanced Cancer
Aguiar, S., Makarious, M., Lipsitz, O., deVries, F. E., Doyle, Z., McIntyre, R. S., Rodin, G., Zimmermann, C., Mak, E., Hannon, B. L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2026.04.611 · Cited by 1
Psychedelic-Assisted Interventions in Palliative Care: A Narrative Overview and Critical Evaluation
Soares, D. A., & Campolina, A. G. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14111550
Market approval and the right to health: a human rights perspective on MDMA-assisted therapy
Bublitz, C. (2026) · JME Practical Bioethics · doi:10.1136/jmepb-2025-000039
Schuman, H. D. M., Mina, R., Barkova, S., Nguyen, T., Deleemans, J. M., & Carlson, L. E. (2026) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130261459354
“9,92,93 A 2025 JAMA Psychiatry viewpoint directly addresses this contradiction, noting that psychedelics may target key conditions driving requests for assisted dying and raising the question of whether suffering can be considered truly irremediable when potentially effective treatments exist but…”
Psychedelics and the thalamocortical system: A scoping review
Villalba, S., Christensen, A. M., Costanzo, L. D., Torterolo, P., Carrera, I., Urbano, F. J., & Bisagno, V. (2026) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2026.174232
Wyżykowska, A., Maruszak, M., Grygorowicz, J., Niedziela, M., Faria, G., Sas-Wyżykowska, M., Mykhalevych, A., Kryshtofik, A., & Blachucik, A. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5573
Grimshaw, S., & Revell, S. (2026) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2026.2732966
Metadata
- Authors
- Schimmers, N., Breeksema, J. J., Smith-Apeldoorn, S. Y., Veraart, J., van den Brink, W., & Schoevers, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Schimmers, Nina
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2021-11-23
- Volume
- 239
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-33
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W3216164364
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 17
- FWCI
- 3.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2023-06-17)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative and Oncologic Care
- Keywords
- psychedelics, terminal illness, depression, anxiety, existential suffering, psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, ketamine, classical psychedelics, psychotherapy, quality of life, spiritual well-being, acceptance, adverse effects
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Hallucinogens, Humans, Psilocybin, Quality of Life
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