Classic Hallucinogens and Mystical Experiences: Phenomenology and Neural Correlates
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This chapter begins with a brief review of descriptions and definitions of mystical-type experiences and the historical connection between classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences. The chapter then explores the empirical literature on experiences with classic hallucinogens in which claims about mystical or religious experiences have been made. A psychometrically validated questionnaire is described for the reliable measurement of mystical-type experiences occasioned by classic hallucinogens. Controlled laboratory studies show that under double-blind conditions that provide significant controls for expectancy bias, psilocybin can occasion complete mystical experiences in the majority of people studied. These effects are dose-dependent, specific to psilocybin compared to placebo or a psychoactive control substance, and have enduring impact on the moods, attitudes, and behaviors of participants as assessed by self-report of participants and ratings by community observers. Other studies suggest that enduring personal meaning in healthy volunteers and therapeutic outcomes in patients, including reduction and cessation of substance abuse behaviors and reduction of anxiety and depression in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis, are related to the occurrence of mystical experiences during drug sessions. The final sections of the chapter draw parallels in human neuroscience research between the neural bases of experiences with classic hallucinogens and the neural bases of meditative practices for which claims of mystical-type experience are sometimes made. From these parallels, a functional neural model of mystical experience is proposed, based on changes in the default mode network of the brain that have been observed after the administration of classic hallucinogens and during meditation practices for which mystical-type claims have been made.
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All psychedelics exert effects rapidly and are known to induce mystical-type, peak, or transcendental effects that are correlated with therapeutic outcomes.
“Since all psychedelics exert effects rapidly and are known to induce mystical-type, peak, or transcendental effects that are correlated with therapeutic outcomes (Dore et al., 2019;Johnson et al., 2019;Barrett and Griffiths, 2018), these treatments may be especially helpful in the context of existential distress (Rosenbaum et al., 2019).”
From Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Barrett and Griffiths, 2018
The 'Mystical Experiences, Classic Hallucinogens, and Therapeutic Interventions' section reports a correlation between mystical-experience scores and later anxiety and depression outcomes after high-dose psilocybin. The Conclusion says classic hallucinogens can occasion mystical experiences with high probability under appropriate conditions, but not every experience is mystical. The paper does not establish that all psychedelics act rapidly or that the stated relationship applies to all psychedelics. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClassic hallucinogens can evoke profound states of unity, described as experiences of interconnectedness and oneness with all phenomena, akin to deep meditative states.
“Research [53] indicates that classic hallucinogens can evoke profound states of unity, described as experiences of interconnectedness and oneness with all phenomena, akin to deep meditative states.”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
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Self-citationSpiritual awakening and transformation in scientists and academics
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- Authors
- Barrett, F. S., & Griffiths, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barrett, Frederick S.
- Venue
- Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 393-430
- ISSN
- 1866-3370 (ISSN-L)
- 1866-3389
- PMC
- PMC6707356
- OpenAlex
- W2603506674
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 92.78
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current topics in behavioral neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA003889, T32DA007209)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mystical experience, psilocybin, religious experience, dose-dependent effects, addiction treatment, meditation, default mode network
- MeSH terms
- Hallucinogens, Humans, Mysticism, Nervous System, Surveys and Questionnaires, Meditation
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