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Analysis of microplastics in drinking water and other clean water samples with micro-Raman and micro-infrared spectroscopy: minimum requirements and best practice guidelines
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Microplastics are a widespread contaminant found not only in various natural habitats but also in drinking waters. With spectroscopic methods, the polymer type, number, size, and size distribution as well as the shape of microplastic particles in waters can be determined, which is of great relevance to toxicological studies. Methods used in studies so far show a huge diversity regarding experimental setups and often a lack of certain quality assurance aspects. To overcome these problems, this critical review and consensus paper of 12 European analytical laboratories and institutions, dealing with microplastic particle identification and quantification with spectroscopic methods, gives guidance toward harmonized microplastic particle analysis in clean waters. The aims of this paper are to (i) improve the reliability of microplastic analysis, (ii) facilitate and improve the planning of sample preparation and microplastic detection, and (iii) provide a better understanding regarding the evaluation of already existing studies. With these aims, we hope to make an important step toward harmonization of microplastic particle analysis in clean water samples and, thus, allow the comparability of results obtained in different studies by using similar or harmonized methods. Clean water samples, for the purpose of this paper, are considered to comprise all water samples with low matrix content, in particular drinking, tap, and bottled water, but also other water types such as clean freshwater. Graphical abstract
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![Fig. 3 Dependence of sample size (n) on margin of error (e = 10%, 20% or 30%; e.g., 10% ± 0.5% MP, 10% ± 1% MP, or 10% ± 1.5% MP, resp.) and total number of fragments (N) for MP contents of 10% (green), 1% (blue), and 0.1% (yellow) for the random model, calculated based on Eq. 1 [87]. Sampling thresholds (n = 2000, 5000, and 7000) are marked in red](/paper-figures/798b4f4459b14beebd8b5b7a7822a453/analysis-of-microplastics-in-drinking-water-and-other-clean-water-samples-with-figure-3.jpg)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schymanski, D., Oßmann, B. E., Benismail, N., Boukerma, K., Dallmann, G., von der Esch, E., Fischer, D., Fischer, F., Gilliland, D., Glas, K., Hofmann, T., Käppler, A., Lacorte, S., Marco, J., Rakwe, M. E., Weisser, J., Witzig, C., Zumbülte, N., & Ivleva, N. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit (DE)
- Nestlé (France) (FR)
- Ifremer (FR)
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research (DE)
- European Commission (BE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- DVGW - Technologiezentrum Wasser (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ivleva, Natalia P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Published
- 2021-07-20
- Volume
- 413
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 5969-5994
- ISSN
- 1618-2642 (ISSN-L)
- 1618-2650
- PMC
- PMC8440246
- OpenAlex
- W3183588047
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Archive of Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RENATE (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RENATE (cc-by)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (PID2019-105732GB-C21)
- Bayerische Forschungsstiftung (AZ-1258-16 (“MiPAq“))
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (02WPL1443A “SubµTrack”; 03F0851B “HOTMIC”)
- Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- microplastics, drinking water, clean water, micro-Raman spectroscopy, micro-infrared spectroscopy, microplastic quantification, method harmonization, quality assurance, sample preparation, bottled water, tap water, freshwater, polymer types, particle size distribution
- MeSH terms
- Microplastics, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Guidelines as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Drinking Water
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